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  • EUR/USD declined this week

    EUR/USD declined this week

    1 min read

    EUR/USD declined this week
    The US dollar was one of the strongest currencies during the trading week, mostly due to the optimism about Sino-US trade negotiations. EUR/USD declined even as the US consumer sentiment worsened significantly this month.
    But previously, 3 days ago, EUR/USD declined dramatically.

    EUR/USD declines

    EUR/USD declined as the US consumer sentiment worsened significantly this month. Yet the improving industrial production helped the dollar to gain on the euro. Another reason for the dollar’s strength was the rumor that the United States is considering lifting tariffs on Chinese imports.

    EUR/USD declines 1

    Check the foreign exchange market. These are the data for some of the most interesting currency pairs:

    AUD/USD

    The Trend is bullish in the 1-hour chart. Intraday support is present at 0.7017 price level. So, as long as the price stays above 0.7017 support level, look for buy trades. If bearish candlestick closes below 0.7017 critical support level, then up trend is going to end.

    EUR/JPY

    The Trend is bullish in the 1-hour chart. Intraday support is present at 123.37 price level. So, as long as the price stays above 123.37 support level, look for buy trades. If bearish candlestick closes below 123.37 critical support level, then up trend is going to end.

    EUR/USD

    The Trend is bearish in the 1-hour chart. Intraday resistance is present at 1.1484 price level. So, as long as the price stays below 1.1484 resistance level, look for sell trades. If bullish candlestick closes above 1.1484 critical resistance level, then down trend is going to end.

    GBP/USD

    The Trend is bearish in the 1-hour chart. Intraday resistance is present at 1.2965 price level. So, as long as the price stays below 1.2965 resistance level, look for sell trades. If bullish candlestick closes above 1.2965 critical resistance level, then down trend is going to end.

    USD/JPY

    The Trend is bullish in the 1-hour chart. Intraday support is present at 107.77 price level. So, as long as the price stays above 107.77 support level, look for buy trades. If bearish candlestick closes below 107.77 critical support level, then up trend is going to end.
    Images source: www.earnforex.com

  • Blue-Chip Stocks – Investing in them can be a profitable decision

    Blue-Chip Stocks – Investing in them can be a profitable decision

    Blue-Chip Stocks - Investing in them can be a profitable decisionBlue-chip stocks are popular because they can provide a safer position during economic downturns.

    By Guy Avtalyon

    Investing in blue-chip stocks may have a reputation for being boring and even a bit outdated. But think again, is it an accident that they are preferred by wealthy investors and rock-solid financial institutions?

    Anyone would like a part in businesses they understand and that have a demonstrated record of extreme profitability. The blue chips certainly go along with this description. According to generations of investors, blue-chip stocks have brought money for owners. For the one wise enough to hang on them through good times and bad times, inflation and deflation.

    And it is well known. The blue chips stocks are always there. They represent companies that are the core of the global business. The firms with the past, with history. Their products and services are present in nearly every part of our lives.

    So, why they are almost entirely ignored by smaller, poorer investors? But, at the same time, the blue-chip stocks have been supreme in the investment portfolios of retirees, non-profit foundations. Also in the portfolios of the top 1 percent of the capitalist class.  

    This puzzle gives the greatest example, a spectacular glance into the problem of investment management.
    Even more, it requires some discussion of behavioral economics.

    Blue-chip stocks don’t belong exclusively to the world of retirees and insurance companies. Here’s why.

    What are blue-chip stocks?

    First of all,  the blue-chip stock is a nickname. It describes the common stock of a company that has several quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The term “blue-chip stock” originates from the card game, poker. You know that the highest and most valuable playing chip color in poker is blue.

    But there is no general agreement on what, precisely, makes up a blue-chip stock. Hence, there are always individual exceptions to one or more rules. Anyway, blue-chip stocks have several common characteristics.

    They are not new, they have history and profitability. They have official data of stable earning power over several decades.
    Also, they have long data of continuous dividend payments to stockholders.

    They reward shareholders by growing the dividend at a rate equal to or substantially more than the rate of inflation. So, the owner’s income is increasing at least every twelve months even if the shareholder never buys another share.

    Blue-chip companies

    They have high returns on capital. Also, a solid balance sheet and income statement. Especially when measured by the interest coverage ratio and the geographic and product line diversity of the cash flows.That kind of company repurchases stock when the share price is attractive relative to owner earnings.

    They are larger than the classic corporation. Measured by both stock market capitalization and enterprise value, they are among the largest concerns in the world.

    It is difficult to unseat market share from them. Sometimes, it comes in the form of a cost advantage achieved through economies of scale, or a franchise value in the mind of the consumer, or ownership of strategically important assets such as choice oil fields. That giant companies issue bonds that are considered investment grade with the best of the best being Triple-A rated.

    They are included in the component list of the S&P 500 index, speaking about the USA companies. Many of the blue chips are included in the more selective Dow Jones Industrial Average.

    Why wealthy investors prefer blue-chip stocks

    Well, one of the reasons wealthy investors prefer blue-chip stocks is because they tend to compound at acceptable rates of return. It is typically between 8% and 12% with dividends reinvested. To say that, holding blue-chip stocks isn’t smooth by any means. They may drop by 50% or more during the period of several years. But over time, the profits perform their extraordinary power.

    Presuming that the shareholder paid a reasonable price, it shows up in the total return of the shareholder.
    Even when they paid high prices for the ”Nifty Fifty”, 30 years later, investors beat the stock market indices despite several of the firms on the list going bankrupt.

     

    By holding the stock directly, the wealthy can pass them to their children using something known as the stepped-up basis loophole. One of the most incredible, traditional benefits available to reward investors is that all of the deferred capital gains taxes that would have been owed are forgiven.

    For example, if the investor, your mother or father at the same time, vested $500,000 worth of blue-chip stocks and held on to them.

    Can the blue-chip stocks offer a safer position during economic disasters?

    It isn’t a pleasant moment, but, just, for example, they died after they had grown in value to $5,000,000. The successor could arrange that estate in a way that the capital gains that would have been owed on the $4,500,000 unrealized gains ($5,000,000 current value – $500,000 purchase price) are forgiven.  The successor would have never paid them. Their children will never have to pay them.

    Don’t you think it’s better compounding at a lower rate with a holding you can maintain for the decades? Better than trying to flit in and out from position to position, always chasing after a few extra percentage points? Yes, it is.

    Another reason blue-chip stocks are popular is that they offer a safer position during economic disasters. The less experienced and poorer investors don’t think about this too much because they’re almost always trying to get rich too quickly.

    They are looking for that one thing that will instantly make them rich. It never ends well. Markets can collapse. You will see your holdings drop by substantial amounts no matter what you own.

    Are Blue-chips safe investments?

    Don’t let the other people deceive you. One of the reasons blue chips are relatively safe is that dividend-paying stocks tend to fall less in bear markets due to yield support.

    Moreover, profitable blue chips sometimes benefit over the long-run from economic disasters. They can buy, or drive out, weakened or bankrupt competitors at attractive prices. The blue-chip stock sets the stage for much better results decades down the line whenever there is a market collapse.

    As a conclusion, wealthy and successful investors tend to love blue-chip stocks because the stability means that the passive income is hardly ever in danger. Especially if there is broad diversification in the portfolio. If we ever get to the point that premier blue-chips are cutting dividends en masse across the board, then we will have much bigger things to worry about than the stock market. We’re most likely looking at a civilization disaster.

    And if it comes, who will care!

  • A Diversified Stock Portfolio – How to create?

    A Diversified Stock Portfolio – How to create?

    How to create a diversified stock portfolio 1Building a diversified stock portfolio is just the beginning but an important part of investing. Here is how to do that.

    By Guy Avtalyon

    We already mentioned a diversified stock portfolio.

    ‘Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket’ is probably the most popular saying telling investors about the importance of portfolio diversification. Otherwise, how to spread and reduce risk? 

    The major advantage of the diversified stock portfolio is its ability to protect your entire portfolio from the volatility associated with different asset classes.

    In this article, we look at ways to protect your portfolio by spreading your risk across several different asset classes. Also, some of the many different assets in which you can invest, each with different risk characteristics.

    Where is the advantage of the diversified stock portfolio?

    The risks attributable to assets cannot be avoided. But when they are managed as part of a diversified portfolio, they can be reduced. Individual assets have a bearing on the overall level of risk you are exposed to.

    And the association between the assets has even greater importance. This article considers how a well-constructed investment portfolio should be diversified in a variety of ways. Including overall investment style, a number of individual asset classes, the spread of geographical allocation, and the approach of the fund manager.
    The key is to build a  diversified stock portfolio with a mix of different investments that make sense for your attitude to risk.

    A balanced investment portfolio should hold a mix of equities: stocks, bonds, property, and cash.

    Yes, we know. For some of you, the world of investing is complicated. There are mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, target-date funds, a variety of bonds and fixed-income products and then, of course, individual stocks.

    These days more and more investors are turning to low-cost ETFs. And necessary, there is the question: is it worth taking the time to build an individual stock portfolio? Yes, it is.

    But you have to put in some time and research.

    There are various advantages to individual stock ownership.

    We believe an individual investor has an advantage over professional investors. But only if you are willing to do the homework necessary to understand the company, management, and the industry underlying each individual stock.

    How can you start picking the companies that go into their stock portfolio? Building a solid stock portfolio requires some time, research, and homework.

    What is a well-diversified stock portfolio

    The diversified stock portfolio should have 10 to 30 individual stocks.

    There are 10 stock sectors classified by S&P Dow Jones Indices. These include energy, materials, industrials, consumer discretionary, consumer staples. Also, health care, financials, information technology, telecommunication services, and utilities.

    A general rule is to own two to three of the top companies in each main sector.

    Stock rankings, screeners, and lists can help individual investors in their quest to find the best stocks for their needs. The rankings can slice and dice stock market members up by returns, market capitalization, dividend yield, price-to-earnings ratio, and other criteria.

    Investing in research doesn’t have to be for professional portfolio managers. It is for individual investors too.

    How to diversify a portfolio between growth and value stocks?

    Or between dividend stocks and those focused on plowing their profits back into their operations.

    Diversification is a beautiful thing because it can lower risk without lowering the expected return of a portfolio. This is more or less related to magic by Wall Street standards. Use your research and logic to weed out the stocks that you do not like. Or the companies that have historically lost money due to the competitive pressures.

    It will be good for you to understand the behavioral psychology and economics at play behind the companies you hold in your portfolio.

    For example, knowing the demand elasticity, or how much a change in price will impact the quantity demanded, can be useful in understanding a company or industry’s prospects.

    If the price of gas went up 15% tomorrow, it’s very unlikely there would be a corresponding drop in demand. People need to drive, of course.

    How to establish an investment time frame in your diversified stock portfolio?

    Since you are going to own individual stocks you need at least three to five years. The longer the better. In order to reduce certain volatility.

     

    Hence, to be successful in individual stock investing, you must do your homework. But more importantly, you need to have a steady temperament and be confident in your own convictions and analyses.

    Building your diversified stock portfolio may be just the beginning. But, for the interested and dedicated investor, the payoffs could be well worth the work.

    Picking good stocks requires research, time, and the ability to evaluate many parameters for the stock, industry, and overall economy.

    And while buying a few dividend stocks should earn you some healthy interest income. Your real dividends will be the long-term gains you rack up as you watch your picks grow.

  • How to structure your stock portfolio?

    How to structure your stock portfolio?

    How to structure your stock portfolio? 1The structure of the investment portfolio depends on many factors but risk appetite is maybe the most influential one.

    By Guy Avtalyon

    How to structure your stock portfolio? The answer to that question depends on your attitude to risk. Here are three sample portfolios.

    What is the best structure of a portfolio?

    Laith Khalaf, a senior analyst at UK wealth adviser Hargreaves Lansdown suggests this model of your stock portfolio structure:

    Adventurous investor
    20%: JPM Emerging Markets
    20%: Legal & General International Index
    20%: Man GLG Japan CoreAlpha
    20%: Threadneedle European Select
    20%: Standard Life Global Smaller Companies

    Balanced investor:
    20%: Invesco Perpetual Tactical Bond
    25%: Newton Global Income
    10%: Stewart Investors Asia Pacific Leaders
    25%: Legal & General UK Index
    20%: Baillie Gifford Managed

    Conservative investor:
    25%: Newton Real Return
    20%: Investor Perpetual Tactical Bond
    10%: Legal & General Global Inflation-Linked Bond
    20%: Threadneedle Equity Income
    25%: Troy Trojan

    How you will structure your portfolio depends on are you a defensive, middle-of-the-road, or aggressive investor. This will partly determine where you invest.

    What is a portfolio structure? 

    The portfolio construction is the process of organizing your investments as a whole, rather than piecemeal.

    How can you have the best chance of constructing a portfolio that meets your investment goals?

    At a broader level, portfolio construction should be about structuring your portfolio in a way that stands the best chance of meeting you have stated investment aims within your acceptable level of risk.

    But be careful, well thought out structuring of your assets will have an enormous impact on your long-term wealth creation. Conversely, the wrong structure could cost you in both ongoing charges or unexpected tax liability.

    What factors do you have to consider in deciding on the combination of stocks, bonds, and perhaps commodities to use in building up your retirement portfolio?

    Let’s say that the further one is from retirement, the more risk one can take. Thus at 30, you might have a portfolio of 70% stocks, and 30% bonds. At 50, the ratio might be half stocks and half bonds and at 70, 70% bonds and 30% stocks.

    This model of stock portfolio structure allows for a more predictable and more stable income from bonds. But it does not take into account the characteristics of the individual or the nature of the stocks and bonds. Moreover, not all stocks are equal.

    Structure of the stock portfolio based on risk tolerance

    Find how the structure of the stock portfolio matches your risk tolerance.

    If your stock portfolio at 30 or 50 is loaded with, for example, half small caps with no dividends, mining stocks with low dividends then the need for bonds is higher. Or if the bond portion of a portfolio is loaded with high-yield bonds subordinated debt, the fixed-income portfolio needs to be rebuilt for security.

    As we move from working years during which it is possible to raise savings and make up for investment losses into retirement, the need to cut volatility grows. A mixture of short and long government bonds and corporate bonds can’t compete with the potential of small companies’ stocks to rise. But it does have fundamental security.

    But you can implement some other model of structuring your portfolio. For example, you can buy stocks from developed and emerging markets around the world. And you can own real estate through a low-fee fund as a part of your portfolio.

    If you live in the USA, Treasury inflation-protected securities, or TIPS are a very good choice. Some of these parts will possibly increase and drop and increase again. It will happen at different times and at different rates. So you can rebalance at least once a year to maintain your target allocation in your portfolio.

    David Swensen, chief investment officer, Yale University suggests this, take a look at the image below.

    How to structure your stock portfolio? 2

    How do the fees influence the structure of the stock portfolio

    Fees can make terrible damage to your investment returns.

    Even if you hold the higher-risk, but also, higher-return asset classes. In case of, for example, stocks, you can expect high but one-digit or low double-digit returns over a long time. In fact, Swensen said you can end up losing more than half of your returns. The math is simple, you’ll have to pay 1% for your financial advisor, the additional costs are mutual funds fees which are approximately 1-2%. Finally, you’ll have to adjust your returns for the percentage of inflation.

    The odds, he said, are in favor of index funds. In his opinion, very-low-fee index funds make the most sense for individual investors.

    When it comes to investing there is no such thing as one size fits all.

    Speaking about how to structure your stock portfolio, your portfolio has to be well-diversified, equity-oriented for long-term investors, and efficient in the sense that it is as good or better than other alternatives.

    Portfolio structure depends on how long you want to stay invested 

    When you’re investing for the long run, for example, 20 or 30 years, you are expected to make more money holding a fairly large part of your portfolio in stocks or some other assets that have a high rate of return. That’s because historically, stocks offer greater returns than safer alternatives over the long term.

    But in the short term, stocks tend to be much more volatile. So as you approach retirement age, investment advisers suggest moving more assets to the “safer than stocks” class.

    Let’s say the stock market crashes and you need to spend money out of your portfolio as income in retirement. So, you don’t want to lose 20 – 30% of your savings and to sell your stocks at a lower price. If you’re younger and market crash, you can just stay invested and wait for the market to recover.

    But it isn’t all about age

    How to structure your stock portfolio is also about the appetite for risk. Risk tolerance is different for each investor. Risk-averse investors will prefer to hold a mixture of the stock portfolio and cash. Cash could reduce overall risk. When wealth increases, it could happen a tolerance for risk to increase also. But when you grow older, tolerance for risk could decrease. Each investor needs to find his/her own stock portfolio structure that suits their risk tolerance. That’s the main point.

     

  • Brexit deal, is it to be or not to be?

    Brexit deal, is it to be or not to be?

    4 min read

    Brexit deal, is it to be or not to be? 5
    Theresa May, the British PM, looks for a compromise with her political opponents that will deliver a Brexit deal. She is entering the most delicate and dangerous negotiations of the country’s split from the European Union.

    On Wednesday night, there was an attempt in Parliament of opposition to oust her government in a vote of no-confidence 24 hours after her agreement with the EU was emphatically rejected by the historical margin for any sitting government of 230 votes.

    But May survived and opened talks in an effort to break the deadlock. Now she must return to Parliament to set out her Plan B by Monday.

    Point is that the UK has just 10 weeks left before the departure deadline.

    According to Bloomberg, “May is prepared to blur her red lines to find a plan that will get through Parliament, according to a person familiar with the matter. That could mean keeping close ties to the EU, an outcome backed by opposition parties.”

    On the other side, the European Union demand she radically rethinks the UK’s red lines. The bloc signaled its willingness to delay Britain’s withdrawal for a longer time.

    That means, the EU had been preparing to make limited concessions over the much-loathed Irish border backstop to help May convince Parliament to back her deal.

    But the after Tuesday night it is changed: European governments now believe a more fundamental shift is needed and the move has to come from the UK side, three diplomats said.

    “The government approaches these meetings in a constructive spirit and I urge others to do the same,” May told the House of Commons after winning the confidence vote. “But we must find solutions that are non-negotiable and command sufficient support in this House.”

    Economic consequences of Brexit deal

    The pound initially rose after the historic vote on the Brexit deal. There were some expectations a cross-party approach would yield a Brexit plan that protects the trading connection with the bloc.

    But the Theresa May discovered that the price of her opponents’ cooperation could be too high.

    Rival party leaders promptly began to establish their conditions for taking part in talks to rescue May’s Brexit strategy. On the table is the option of delaying Brexit and even staging a second referendum on the membership of the EU.

    The leader of the main opposition Labour party, Jeremy Corbyn refused to take part at all in talks about the government’s new Brexit plan.

    Corbyn, the Labour leader, said May must rule out a no-deal Brexit as a precondition for discussions. After a spokesman for the prime minister later told reporters she was not doing so, Corbyn’s camp said no deal was “blackmail.”

    A “no-deal” Brexit is where the UK would cut all ties with the European Union overnight.

    Labour party, Scottish National Party, and Liberal Democrat members of Parliament favor closer trading ties with the EU. More than May has proposed. Labour party, for example, is advocating full, permanent membership of a customs union with the bloc.
    That sound as anathema to many pro-Brexit members of May’s Conservative party.

    British authorities warn that leaving the EU without a deal could lead to a recession, with the pound falling as much as 25 percent and house prices taking as much as a 30 percent hit. Already, suppliers to manufacturers are stockpiling just in case.

    Time is running short, and the prime minister has urgently scheduled calls with EU leaders to discuss the next steps.

    It’s unclear how much the EU can help.

    The bloc is willing to extend the Article 50 negotiating period beyond the summer. In order to find a deal if necessary, according to some diplomats. But on Wednesday, the EU’s chief Brexit negotiator, Michel Barnier said there’s no way to remove the need for the most contentious part of the agreement, the so-called backstop plan for the Irish border.

    According to some diplomats, European governments are willing to delay Britain’s departure well into the second half of the year.

    Brexit deal, is it to be or not to be?
    So, there is a chance for Brexit to not happen on the long-ago scheduled date of March 29.

    The economic exodus because of Brexit deal

    The increasing likelihood of a no-deal split is pushing wealthy Europeans, who have made their homes in the UK, to move out. According to Anthony Ward Thomas, founder of a firm of the same name that specializes in overseas relocation.

    He confirmed 296 moves away from Britain in 2018. That is an increase of 82 percent. Favored destinations are Paris, Brussels, Zurich, and Geneva, as well as southern France and Spanish locations such as Majorca. In other words the territories of EU countries.

    Popular destinations also include the Channel Islands, which don’t apply capital gains or inheritance taxes. Relocation inquiries increased more than 50 percent in the second half last year compared to the first six months.


    Customers are typically wealthy, having at least 5 million pounds ($6.4 million) at their disposal. They are European Union citizens moving with their families. There are some retirees seeking warmer weather but also favoring “more stable” political climate.

    It pretty much looks that the people are abandoning the ship because it is sinking.

    And the exodus may accelerate after the rejection of Theresa May’s Brexit deal.

    You would like to read: What makes the Swedish economy unique and should the world follow its economic model?

    Italy has also emerged as a magnet for moves, spurred by Brexit and the introduction of a new tax regime two years ago. This country was previously a focus mainly of the second-home owners. But these days, a new home buyer in Italy is, for example, entrepreneur or hedge-fund manager. They moved their families, bought homes, and started to work remotely.

    Financial consequences

    The pound drifted on Wednesday and gilts sold off even though the margin of the Prime Minister’s loss was way above the threshold many analysts feared would trigger panic. The prospect of a no-confidence vote in May later that evening has also failed to disrupt assets amid a general assumption she will prevail.

    Brexit deal, is it to be or not to be? 2
    The one soft spot was the FTSE 100 Index of shares, which tends to fall when the currency performs well.

    The key to the robust showing from UK assets appears to be in the scale of May’s defeat. A belief is growing among many financial professionals that there’s an increasing chance of a so-called soft-Brexit or even no Brexit at all. Those are outcomes many investors would cheer.

    Brexit deal, is it to be or not to be? 3
    It looks that the chances of a no-deal Brexit are so slim now it’s not even really worth considering anymore. It looks that the resolution will be an even softer version than May’s proposal or a new referendum.

    You would like to read Investment prediction for 2019 – Traders Paradise prediction

    That’s a view shared by a host of analysts who expected May to survive the no-confidence vote called by the opposition.

    The markets offer evidence of a pickup in confidence among traders. The cost of insuring UK banks’ subordinated debt fell, while volatility on pound options has slumped.


    So, we can say that Prime Minister Theresa May’s record defeat in Parliament over her Brexit divorce deal caused a curious response from markets: Optimism.

    The pound drifted on Wednesday and gilts, which is a traditionally safe investment, sold off even though the margin fell way below the threshold. And many analysts feared it would trigger panic. The prospect of a no-confidence vote in May later that evening has also failed to disrupt asset prices amid a general assumption she will prevail.

    Not everyone sees the glass as half full

    One undeniable outcome of the defeat of May’s deal is a further delay to the Brexit process and yet more uncertainty for traders. Dean Turner of UBS Global Wealth Management is among those recommending caution.

    Fidelity International Leigh Himsworth is also wary. He’s reminding investors that a no-deal Brexit remains the default option. And that the mechanics of any other possibilities are difficult. He recommends investing in liquid assets and hedging against the various outcomes.

    Brussels’ chief negotiator, Michel Barnier stated Brexit is at a standstill after the crushing rejection of Theresa May’s deal by MPs but offered to return to the negotiating table if parliament forces her to shift the “red lines”.

    So, we will see. Monday is coming very soon.

    Risk Disclosure (read carefully!)

  • Swedish Economy – HOW SWEDEN CREATED A MODEL ECONOMY

    Swedish Economy – HOW SWEDEN CREATED A MODEL ECONOMY

    3 min read

    Swedish Economy - HOW SWEDEN CREATED A MODEL ECONOMY 3
    photo source Jonathan-Brunkhorst unsplash
    Nearly half of millennials say they prefer socialism to capitalism, but what do they mean?

    “My policies most closely resemble what we see in the U.K., in Norway, in Finland, in Sweden,” Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez told “60 Minutes.”

    Yet Sweden’s experiment with socialist policies was disastrous, and its economic success in recent decades as a result of market-based reforms.

    The Swedish economy continues to outperform other advanced economies.

    Sweden is an amazing country. It is the country where Ikea, Skype, Spotify, Ericsson, Mojang (of the Minecraft fame) were founded and the country of the world’s oldest Central bank Sveriges Riksbank.

    In the past, the Nordic nation has been criticized over state intervention. But now it tends to be presented as an example of how to optimize market capitalism.

    What’s the secret?

    Stability through reform

    Sweden’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is among the highest in the EU. It has low inflation and a healthy banking system. But this has not always been the case. Historically, the Swedish economy suffered from low growth and high inflation, and the Swedish krona was repeatedly devalued.

    Also, Sweden was hit by a violent financial crisis in the early 1990s. Banks became unstable. Two were nationalized, unemployment rose sharply, government spending soared, as did national debt.

    Swedish Economy - HOW SWEDEN CREATED A MODEL ECONOMY 4 photo source chuttersnap

    The path back to stability and success was not easy for Sweden. But by pursuing inventive and courageous reforms, and sticking to them, Sweden has transformed its economy. They manage to pave the way for robust growth in the face of global economic uncertainty.

    The balanced budget

    According to the International Monetary Fund, Sweden’s national debt to GDP ratio fell from 80% in 1995 to 41% in 2017. All three leading credit agencies give Sweden an ‘AAA’ rating. That is a rare distinction, even among developed economies.

    Since the crisis of the 1990s, successive Swedish governments have succeeded in maintaining control over public spending and continued to do so even in the wake of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis.

    How was this achieved?

    Sweden reinvented its economic governance with a series of innovative regulations. First, in 1996, a limit for public spending was introduced. This was followed by the addition of the ‘surplus goal’ for the government budget. These measures remain largely intact.

    These reforms were met with broad support from across the political spectrum in Sweden, where political consensus is often the norm. These measures help prevent the accumulation of debt, and ensure that the national debt is kept in check.

    The Swedish Fiscal Policy Council (Finanspolitiska rådet) was established in 2007. This committee of experts audits the government’s policy decisions regarding public finances. It aims to ensure that they remain consistent with the goals of growth, employment, and long-term financial sustainability.

    Swedish Economy - HOW SWEDEN CREATED A MODEL ECONOMY 5

    The Swedish government’s credible management of public finances has meant that Sweden remains among the most fiscally responsible countries in Europe.

    While governments with large budget deficits carry out austerity measures by increasing taxes and cutting public spending, Sweden has broadly avoided these difficulties. While Sweden remains a relatively highly taxed economy, the center-right coalition government of 2006–2014 scrapped inheritance tax in 2005 and a wealth tax in 2007.

    The dynamic Swedish economy 

    Today, Sweden has a diverse and highly competitive and successful economy. The World Economic Forum ranks Sweden among the top ten most competitive countries in the world.

    Sweden is also one of the easiest countries in the world to do business with, according to the World Bank.

    A key feature of the Swedish economy is its openness and liberal approach to trade and doing business. Sweden has traditionally been an export-orientated nation, and typically maintains a trade surplus. The value of goods and services it exports is greater than the value of imports.

    In addition to maintaining competitiveness in goods and manufacturing, growth in contemporary service sectors such as information and communications technology (ICT) has been strong in Sweden.

    Sweden has produced a number of unicorns, including video game developers King and Mojang, fintech company Klarna, and music streaming service Spotify, and video call platform Skype.

                                                                                                   Photo by John Arano on Unsplash

    Sweden’s present economic and social prosperity was built on the lessons learned from the financial crisis in the early 1990s.

    Governments pursued reforms and fiscal sustainability became institutionalized. Stable economic policies combine with competitiveness, innovation and an open approach to trade to make Sweden a model for economic success.

    Cashless economy

    Sweden is the most cashless society in the world with less than 1% of the value of all payments made using coins or notes in 2017.

    Across the country, cash is now present in less than 20% of transactions in stores – half the number five years ago, according to the Riksbank.

    Stockholm metro does not accept cash neither does most public transport. Most retailers only accept card payments and street vendors accept cards too. Even smaller payments are cashless with widespread card acceptance. iZettle – one of the most popular small retail payment processors is actually a homegrown company from Sweden.

    Retailers are legally entitled to refuse coins and notes.

    About 65% of Sweden’s 1500 odd bank branches no longer handle cash. Further many no longer even have ATMs.
    Riksbank figures reveal that the average value of Swedish krona in circulation fell from around 106 billion in 2009 to 65 billion in 2016.

    Let’s go back to the beginning of this article.

    Ocasio-Cortez, like Senator Bernie Sanders before her, knows not to claim an actual socialist country as an exemplary.

    During the primary season of the election of 2016, Sanders said, “I’m not looking at Venezuela. I’m not looking at Cuba. I’m looking at countries like Denmark and Sweden.”

    Their opponents have the argument against. According to the latest edition of Economic Freedom in the World, Norway is the 25. a country in the world and Sweden 43. out of 162; while Singapore and Hong Kong first and second.

    But, neither AOC or Sanders wanted to say that Nordic countries, even Sweden is the example of a free economy. 

    This was just a short picture of the Swedish economy.

    The bottom line

    Sweden and the Swedish economy is an example of how the government has to work for the benefits of citizens.

    Sweden maybe is ranked lower than some other prosperous countries. But it isn’t the point. The point is: do citizens have opportunities, does government protects their rights and how they really treat them in regard to the living standards.

    Risk Disclosure (read carefully!)

  • The best stocks to invest during the inflation

    The best stocks to invest during the inflation

    Investing in stocks can be the best move during inflation. What are the best stocks for such an environment?
    By Guy Avtalyon

    So, stock markets aren’t going away anytime soon. But let see how stocks act in the period of inflation. They remain a driving economic force in every country in the world. Analysts aren’t quite sure what the future holds for the stock market.

    We will likely see stock markets continue to merge over the coming years. Some have even thought that we’ll see a single global stock market. This appears to be unlikely. Frankly, stocks are not good short-term protection against rapidly increasing inflation, but bonds are worse. But for long-term investors, stocks can be an excellent hedge against rising prices.

    Inflation has been creeping up on the world economy. It isn’t the first time. During the history, we had so many inflations.

    Inflation tracks the rise in the price of goods and services, which in turn shrinks the money’s purchasing power. When inflation rises, people can buy fewer goods, input prices go up, and revenues and profits go down. The result is, the economy slows down.

    But the good news is that you can make money on the market by investing in stocks. Earnings come even in times of inflation.

    How?

    Well, the truth is that too much money chasing too few goods is one classic definition of inflation. Many studies have looked at the impact of inflation on stock returns. Most studies conclude that inflation can positively or negatively impact stocks. That depends on the investor’s ability to hedge. Also, it depends on the government’s monetary policy.

    Stock Options 1

     

    The most important is knowing how to invest in that environment.

    Should you be concerned about inflation and your investments? If you have a substantial portion of your portfolio in fixed income securities, the answer is a definite yes.

    Inflation erodes your purchasing power, and retirees on fixed incomes suffer when they can buy less each passing year. This is why financial advisers caution even retirees to keep some percentage of their assets in the stock market as a hedge against inflation.

    The consumers will not hold cash because their value over time decreases with inflation. For investors, this can cause confusion.

    High inflation can be good, as it can stimulate some job growth.

    What can you do in periods of inflation? You can stay invested and not pay attention to the short-term fluctuations. Sometimes this can be hard.

    One common misconception about a buy-and-hold strategy is that holding a stock for 20 years is what will make you money. Long-term investing still requires homework because markets are driven by corporate fundamentals. If you find a company with a strong balance sheet and consistent earnings, the short-term fluctuations won’t affect the long-term value of the company.

     

    In fact, periods of volatility could be a great time to buy if you believe a company is good for the long-term.

    Companies that raise their prices in line with inflation tend to fare better than others when the cost of living is increasing.

    Energy companies, for example, may perform well in an inflationary environment as they can raise their prices in line with inflation. Infrastructure companies such as those responsible for toll roads, or hospitals, may also do well. They often have long-term government contracts in place with payments linked to inflation, which encourages private-sector investment.

    Generally speaking, cash would be the worst asset class to hold in a high inflationary environment. However, stocks would be a better choice. This is because a company’s revenue and earnings should grow at the same time as inflation. Companies usually pass rising costs to the consumer to maintain their profit margin.

    The concern of rising inflation has recently surfaced as strong employment numbers have caused fears of wage growth. In January, the average hourly pay, for example, in the US jumped 2.9 percent in a year. This is the largest jump in 8 years.

    Companies may increase the prices for goods and services in order to pay for these increased salaries. This element is causing concern for investors. Higher salaries for some can bring a higher cost of living.

    So, what can you do, where to invest, which stock to buy in the period of inflations?

    Oil Stocks

    There is a positive connection between the price of oil and inflation. The consumer price index helps measure inflation in the economy by tracking a basket of goods and services by households. Energy costs in households are part of the consumer price index. When the oil prices increase, it directly affects the energy costs spent by consumers. This leads to an increase in the CPI index and then inflation. Oil stocks always do well in high inflation environments.

    Utilities

    Utilities are defensive stocks. People will need utilities even in a high inflation environment. When operating costs rise for energy companies, in the final instance the consumers will pay them.

    So, the companies will maintain their profit margin. Consumers will have no choice. They have to pay for the newly inflated cost if they want to receive electricity, for example. Demand in utility companies will still be strong even in high inflation periods.

    Healthcare as best stocks

    Healthcare is also a defensive stock. They are considered safer investments as people will always need healthcare. Even when consumer budgets are poor. During the inflationary period, investors will sell out high-risk stocks. They will prefer to buy into low-risk stocks because these are considered safer. People will always need medicine and medical treatment. They will give priority in spending on healthcare as opposed to less crucial goods and services.

    Gold Stocks

    When investors notice high inflation in the economy they want to turn to safe-haven investments such as gold stocks.

    Gold traditionally is an investment held during the economic instability. High inflation causes investors to want to safeguard their investments by buying gold stocks.

    Of course, holding cash in bank accounts is a bad idea in a high inflation environment. Because the purchasing power of cash is eroded by inflation.

    Basic goods/consumer staples

    For instance, companies with higher energy costs from increased transportation costs or higher operating costs will pass these costs to the consumer. Good and services will become more expensive. Consumers will become more selectable when purchasing goods and services because they have less buying power. But, basic goods or consumer staples will still be in demand in a high inflation environment. Even if the costs increase, people will still buy bread and milk. Even if such companies increase the price of their goods, consumers will need to buy it. Consumers will not buy non-essential goods and services such as a new car or furniture. They will only spend what is necessary. That kind of company is a good opportunity.

    During the period of inflation never invest in discretionary stocks.

    Material Stocks

    Basic materials companies are involved in the exploration, development, and processing of raw materials. Hence, many times target specific resources, such as gold, silver, and crude oil. This sector also includes companies that run refineries and plants to develop refined materials. The dividend yields within this sector are above average in comparison to the wider market.

    If you’re looking to invest in dividend-paying basic materials stocks, you may also be interested in dividend-paying basic materials exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These funds offer a diversified dividend payment based on a basket of basic materials stock holdings.

    What we want to show is that there is no solution to inflation, but there’s the reason for hope. And for profits and returns of course.


    You might find these interesting too:

    >>> Cryptocurrencies a Powerful Tool Against Hyperinflation?

    >>> Are we in an overpriced market?

    >>> How to improve risk management in trading?

    >>> How to trade stocks during recession 

    >>> How to Find a Stock Worth Trading?

  • Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez – is she right?

    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez – is she right?

    2 min read

    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez - is she right?
    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who just took her House seat to represent the Bronx, has sparked headlines by suggesting tax rates as high as 70 percent to finance a “Green New Deal.”

    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,  said in an interview with Anderson Cooper on Sunday’s 60 Minutes, “There’s an element where, yeah, people are going to have to start paying their fair share in taxes,” she said. “Once you get to the tippy-tops, on your 10-millionth dollar, sometimes you see tax rates as high as 60% or 70%. That doesn’t mean all $10 million are taxed at an extremely high rate. But it means that as you climb up this ladder, you should be contributing more.”

    On Friday morning, Politico reported that “exasperated” Democratic leaders on the Hill were striving to control Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, U.S. Congresswoman and Bronx-native.

    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez proposed higher tax rate

    She proposed a higher tax on the super-wealthy as part of a plan to finance the Green New Deal program.

    AOC is proposing to lift the top marginal tax rate to 70 percent on incomes starting at $10 million. This idea has drawn both praise and mockery from the whole the political spectrum.

    The opponents’ argument is that high taxes can make people work less. For example, if a well-to-do person takes home only $5,000 per hour instead of $7,000, he might cut back on the number of hours he works. But in real life, the effect is minimal.

    Truth is that higher taxes are unlikely to reduce incentives, as the incentives to work are governed by the marginal utility of lost or gained income. Simply put when the wage of someone earning $22.000 per year can go up or down by $1.000 that person is well incentivized to make a decision about cutting back work hours. But when a person earning $10 mill a year, $1.000 of lost or gained income makes no change of the standard of living.

    In support of this thesis, the Nobel Prize-winning Paul Krugman speaks.

    Paul Krugman, in full Paul Robin Krugman, (born February 28, 1953, Albany, New York, U.S.), American economist and journalist who received the 2008 Nobel Prize for Economics for his work in economic geography and in identifying international trade patterns.

    A few days ago he asked one simple question in his column for the New York Times:

    “What does Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez know about tax policy?’

    And he gave the answer:

    ”A lot.”

    Detractors try to discredit this young woman by publishing allegedly, compromising photos and videos. AOC was dancing in college. What?

    That’s the right’s hysterics! Also, some of them try to show that her policy is insane.

    Paul Krugman wrote:

    ”The controversy of the moment involves AOC’s advocacy of a tax rate of 70-80 percent on very high incomes, which is obviously crazy, right? I mean, who thinks that makes sense? Only ignorant people like … um, Peter Diamond, Nobel laureate in economics and arguably the world’s leading expert on public finance. (Although Republicans blocked him from an appointment to the Federal Reserve Board with claims that he was unqualified. Really.) And it’s a policy nobody has ever implemented, aside from … the United States, for 35 years after World War II — including the most successful period of economic growth in our history.”

    And Krugman added:

    “A policy that makes the rich a bit poorer will affect only a handful of people, and will barely affect their life satisfaction since they will still be able to buy whatever they want.”

    and

    “In other words, tax policy toward the rich should have nothing to do with the interests of the rich, per se, but should only be concerned with how incentive effects change the behavior of the rich, and how this affects the rest of the population.”

    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez belongs to millennials generation

    Almost half of the millennials say they prefer socialism to capitalism. What do they mean?

    “My policies most closely resemble what we see in the UK, in Norway, in Finland, in Sweden,” Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez told “60 Minutes.”

    On the other side, critics of high taxes claim the policy stifles economic growth by reducing the incentive for people to work. But Sweden’s employment rate is 77.5%, beating the U.S.’s 71%. In terms of economic growth this decade, expanding 2.7% a year in Nordic countries, on average, compared with 2.2% for the U.S.

    For a real-world example, critics and fans alike should look to Sweden. This Nordic country has a marginal tax rate of 69.7% on salaries above $79,000. That’s almost 30 percents higher than in the U.S.

    It is fantastic how many people don’t understand progressive taxation and marginal rates.

    YOU WOULD LIKE TO READ THIS: Embarrassingly algorithms make fails more often than you expect.

    Most interesting, it shows how few people understand that without progressive tax, you don’t get the infrastructure which allows people and businesses to prosper.

    On the other side, some do.

    Soak the rich. They should be happy we are not moving for a wealth tax.
    Indeed. High marginal tax rates or guillotines. Seems like an easy choice for me.

    So, we can say that Ocasio-Cortez’s tax plan isn’t radical at all.

    And it certainly won’t damage the economy in any significant way. But will the plan to yield a bounty of tax revenue for a Green New Deal or other major spending programs?

    This question is more about maximizing revenues than about the marginal rates.

    Krugman pointed:

    “Or to put it a bit more succinctly, when taxing the rich, all we should care about is how much revenue we raise. The optimal tax rate on people with very high incomes is the rate that raises the maximum possible revenue.”

    Wealthy people have eye-popping incomes. But there really aren’t that many of them.

    The amount of money the tax would raise would yield roughly $72 billion a year. That would increase federal personal income tax revenue by about 3.9%. It would certainly not be nearly enough to pay for Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal.
    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez - is she right? 3

    Chart: The Balance  Source: The Office of Management and Budget

    But the point is, why wealthy people don’t like to share or, more important, to invest in their country’s progress.

    Survey shows

    According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted Aug. 15-21 among 1,893 adults, more Americans say tax rates on corporations and higher-income households should be raised rather than lowered.

    The result is: 24% say taxes on incomes over $250,000 should be reduced; 43% say they should be raised, while 29% favor keeping them the same as they are currently.
    Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez - is she right? 1

    According to the same survey, majorities of Democrats and Democrat-leaning independents favor raising tax rates on both corporations (69%) and high incomes (57%), while Republicans are more divided.

    YOU WOULD LIKE TO READ THIS: Traders Paradise wants to present you how rich is this world of scammers.

    But while 70% of liberal Democrats say tax rates on household incomes over $250,000 should be raised, fewer than half of conservative and moderate Democrats (46%) say the same.

    The bottom line

    Historically, America used to have very high tax rates on the rich, even higher than AOC is proposing. The highest growth rate period was when the top marginal tax rate was 90%. That was the golden era of the post-WWII U.S. economy.

    Let’s conclude this article with Krugman’s quote:

    “Well, on the tax issue she’s just saying what good economists say; and she definitely knows more economics than almost everyone in the G.O.P. caucus, not least because she doesn’t ‘know’ things that aren’t true.”

    Risk Disclosure (read carefully!)

  • The algorithms make fails

    The algorithms make fails

    Algorithmic errors that could cost us a lot. Embarrassingly algorithms make fails more often than you expect.

    3 min read

    Automated Trading Systems Can Increase Your Trading Profits 2
    Yes, algorithms make fails. Technology is not just for geeks, but for all of us. That’s a lot of people. Only a few companies such as Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google have control over our wallet.

    Do they make decisions by themselves or it is an algorithm involved in the whole process that helps them to make important decisions?

    Big companies increasingly rely on algorithms. It doesn’t always work out.

    Vignettes that tell tales of companies pushing their technologies forward, ignoring conventional wisdom and social norms fill modern history.

    YOU WOULD LIKE TO READ: Artificial intelligence and machine learning we can apply to the financial markets

    But what happens in today’s modern machine learning, AI-driven world when the algorithms fail?

    What happens when the machine isn’t offering advice, but provide a decision? And do it wrong. What to do when the machines are wrong? Who’s liable? Does liability now move from the user to the provider of solutions?

    Social media relies on algorithms to match their users with content that might interest them.

    But what happens when that process goes messy? When algorithms make fails?

    Over the past several years, there have been some serious fails with algorithms. Algos are the formulas or sets of rules used in digital decision-making processes. Now, the question is, do we put too much trust in the digital systems.

    There’s one clear standout: the algorithms making the automated decisions that shape our online experiences require more human oversight.

    A perfect example is the Facebook News Feed. No one knows how it works that some of your posts show up on some people’s News Feeds or not, but Facebook does.

    The first case in a string of incidents involved Facebook’s advertising back end. After it was revealed that people who bought ads on the social network were able to target them at self-described anti-Semites.

    Disturbingly, the social media’s ad-targeting tool allowed companies to show ads specifically to people whose Facebook profiles used words like “Jew hater” or “How to burn Jews.”

    The algorithms make fails 2

    The website paid $30 for an ad that targets an audience that would respond positively to things like “why Jews ruin the world” and “Hitler did nothing wrong.”

    It was approved within 15 minutes.

    But Facebook’s racist ad-targeting didn’t cause enough for concern.

    Instagram was caught using a post that included a rape threat to promote itself.
    The algorithms make fails 3
    After a female Guardian reporter received a threatening email, “I will rape you before I kill you, you filthy whore!” she took a screen grab of the message and posted it to her Instagram account. The image-sharing platform then turned the screenshot into an advertisement, targeted to her friends and family members.

    Scary and unethical. But it’s an algorithm that makes fails.

    Try to tell that to the people that were targeted.

    And, how about Amazon showing you related books? Related searches on Google? All of these are closely guarded secrets that do a lot of work for the company and can have a big impact on your life.

    It’s logical to ask ourselves, what are the ethics of liability, and who will be responsible if and when algorithms take over?

    Human beings have an explanation, no matter how imperfectly, why they took the actions that they did. Simple rule-based computer programs leave a trail. But the cognitive systems cannot explain or justify their decisions.

    YOU WOULD LIKE TO READ: Artificial intelligence and machine learning we can apply to the financial markets

    For example, why did the autonomous vehicle behave the way it did when its brakes failed?

    Who is responsible when it is hacked?

    Will data companies need insurance coverage for forwarding forecasts or will the usual legalese in marketing and delivery footnotes suffice?

    Will they need to advise customers that they should not rely, for business purposes, on the expensive systems they have just purchased?

    There are so many questions, but we want to point some algo fails from the recent past.

    Algorithms aren’t perfect.

    Algo fails and some fail spectacularly. Speaking about social media, a small glitch can turn into a PR nightmare real quick. It’s rarely malicious. This is something that the New York Times calls “Frankenstein Moments.” The situation where the creature someone created turns into a monster.

    There are so many examples of how the algorithms make fails.

    Everyone who has the profile on Facebook, with no doubt can see its end-of-year, algorithm-generated videos with highlights from the last 12 months.

    This example happened in 2014. One father saw a picture of his late daughter. Another man saw snapshots of his home in flames. Other examples show people seeing their late pets, urns full of a parent’s ashes, and deceased friends. By 2015, Facebook promised to filter out sad memories.

    The truth is that most of the algorithms fail are far from fatal. 

    But the world of self-driving cars brings in a whole new level of danger. That’s already happened at least once. A Tesla owner on a Florida highway used the semi-autonomous mode (Autopilot) and crashed into a tractor-trailer that cut him off.

    Yes, Tesla quickly issued upgrades. But we have to ask, was it really the Autopilot mode fault? The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says maybe not since the system requires the driver to stay alert for problems. Now, Tesla prevents Autopilot from even being engaged if the driver doesn’t respond to visual cues first.

    One of the examples is the case from Twitter.

    There is another example of algorithms make fails. A couple of years ago, chatbots were supposed to replace customer service reps. The aim was to make the online world a chatty place to get info.

    Microsoft responded in March 2016 by promoting an AI named Tay. It should provide that people, specifically 18- to 24-year-olds, may interact with on Twitter. Tay, in turn, would make public tweets for the masses.

    But in less than 24 hours, Tay became a full-blown racist. She learned from the foul-mouthed masses, obviously.

    Microsoft pulled Tay down instantly. She returned as a new AI named Zo in December 2016. But now with “strong checks and balances in place to protect her from exploitation.”

    The social media companies are not the only ones afflicted by these algorithms fails. It seems that Amazon’s recommendation engine may have been helping people buy bomb-making ingredients together.

    The online retailer’s “frequently bought together” feature might suggest you purchase sugar after you’ve put an order of powder. But, when users buy household items used in homemade bomb building, the site suggested they might be interested in buying other bomb ingredients.

    What do these mishaps have to do with algorithms?

    The common element in all the algorithms fails is that the decision-making was done by machines. It highlights the problems that can arise when major tech firms rely so heavily on automated systems. 

    There are legal issues here. And there are ethic issues. There might be basic training in “use the algorithm as input” but the final decision is a human one. And one day, some human is going to make the wrong “human decision.” When an algorithm says “no” and a person cancel it, we all know that the shit is going to hit the fan.

    The tide is changing in this area. It comes with increased demands for algorithmic transparency and bigger human involvement. It is necessary to avoid the problematic outcomes we’ve seen in recent years.

    But real change is going to require a philosophical shift.

    The bottom line

    The companies have a focus on growth and scaling. And to fit the massive sizes, they have turned to algorithms. But, algorithms make fails, as we can see.

    But algorithms do not exist in isolation. As long as we rely solely on algorithmic oversight of things like ad targeting, ad placement and suggested purchases, we’ll see more of these disturbing scenarios. While algorithms might be good at managing decision-making on a massive scale, they lack the human understanding of context and gradation. And ethic too.

    Risk Disclosure (read carefully!)

  • Leading Stock Exchanges In The World

    Leading Stock Exchanges In The World

    3 min read

    Leading Stock Exchanges In The World
    There are two basic types of stock markets:

    1. physical location exchanges, which include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and
    2. electronic dealer-based markets that include the Nasdaq stock market, the less formal over-the-counter market, and the recently developed electronic communications networks (ECNs)

    They are the world’s two leading stock exchanges.

    A Stock market or exchange is a facility where people can buy or sell stocks, bonds, and securities through brokers and traders. Most often the traditional Exchange floor is where the selling and buying take place.

    However, modern trading is now also done through electronic networks for its speed and lesser cost.

    But there is the place where we can be faced with some problems.

    The dark pools, electronic communication networks, and alternative trading systems are also using as trading locales.
    Buyers and sellers are stock investors who may profit or lose capital depending on whether there is a bull or bear market, respectively. The stock market is usually preferred by investors for transparency.

    As of April 2018, the New York Stock Exchange ranked as the largest by market capitalization with a value of tradable shares amounting to 23.14 trillion U.S. dollars.

    Let’s say several words about each type of markets.

    The physical location exchanges are formal organizations. They have tangible, physical locations and trading in designated securities.

    There are exchanges for stocks, bonds, commodities, futures, and options.

    The physical location exchanges are auction markets with securities going to the highest bidder. Buyers and sellers place orders with their brokers who then execute those orders by matching buyers and sellers.

    Although specialists assist in providing continuity to the markets.

    The electronic dealer-based market is consists of hundreds of brokers and dealers who are connected electronically by telephones and computers.

    The dealer-based market facilitates the trading of securities that are not listed on a physical location exchange.

    A dealer market includes all facilities to conduct security transactions not made on the physical location exchanges.

    These facilities include:

    1. the relatively few dealers who hold inventories of these securities and who are said to make a market in these securities;
    2. the thousands of brokers who act as agents in bringing the dealers together with investors; 
    3. The computers, and networks that provide a communication link between dealers and brokers. Dealers continuously post a price at which they are willing to buy the stock (the bid price. Also, a price at which they are willing to sell the stock (the ask price).  The ask price is always higher than the bid price. The difference (or “bid-ask spread”) represents the dealer’s markup or profit. 

    More about the leading stock exchanges

    At the end of April 2018, the NYSE is the largest stock exchange operator by market capitalization. The total value of tradable shares amounting to 23.14 trillion U.S. dollars.
    Leading Stock Exchanges In The World 1
    That is three times larger than the second largest operator, NASDAQ.

    NASDAQ was the first stock market to start trading online. But NYSE is the first global equities exchange.

    NYSE exchange has successfully grown into the powerhouse that it is today, due to a series of international mergers. The

    NYSE merged with Euronext. That was the first integrated cross-border exchange. Now, NYSE trades almost twice as many foreign companies than NASDAQ. 

    The interesting fact is that the world’s two largest stock exchanges lie only a few minutes apart in New York City, United States.
    The New York Stock Exchange founded on May 17, 1792, is the world’s biggest stock exchange in trade value and has a capitalization of $19.223 Trillion USD. Notable market events have included the 1929 Wall Street Crash, the 1987 Black Tuesday, and the 1997 mini-crash.

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    The second one on this the list is the tech-heavy NASDAQ. It is founded on February 4, 1971, also in New York, with a market capitalization of $6.831 Trillion. It is owned by NASDAQ, Inc, as the first exchange to use the electronic system in trading.

    The other leading stock exchanges are the following:

    Third on the list is the London Stock Exchange Group in the United Kingdom and Italy founded in 1801 and has a capitalization of $6.187 Trillion.

    Leading Stock Exchanges In The World 2

    Notable market events have included the 2007 acquisition of Borsa Italiana, the 2009 acquisition of Millennium Information Technologies, Ltd., and the 2011 merger with TMX Group.

    Asian leading stock exchanges

    There is also the Japan Exchange Group in Japan founded on January 1, 2013, with a market capitalization of $4.485 Trillion.

    It was formed with the merger of the Osaka Securities Stock Exchange and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Notable market events have included the 2013 JPX was launched.

    Fifth on the list can be the Shanghai Stock Exchange in China re-established on November 26, 1990, after a 41-year hiatus. With a market capitalization of $3.986 Trillion.

    Memorable market events have included the 1891 founding of the first Chinese stock exchange. At the year 1904 registering of it as Shanghai Stock Exchange. In 1941 it stopped operations due to Japanese occupation and the 1949 closing during the Chinese Revolution.

    Also, there is the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in Hong Kong (SAR China founded in 1891 with a market capitalization of $3.325 Trillion. It is owned by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. 

    In 1914 renaming of it as the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and the 2000 HK Exchanges and Clearing acquisition of the HK Stock Exchange.

    And the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China founded on December 1, 1990, with a market capitalization of $2.285 Trillion. It also owns a tech exchange, ChiNext, founded on October 23rd, 2009. 

    Canadian leading stock exchanges

    Also, TMX Group in Canada founded on May 1, 2008, with a market capitalization of $1.939 Trillion.

    It also owns the Montreal Exchange, NGX, TSX Alpha Exchange, and several other exchanges. The TMX Group is founded after the acquisition of Montreal Exchange by TSX Group.

    European leading stock exchanges

    Of course, the first is the London Stock Exchange Group. But, there are also the Euronext, United Kingdom, Belgium, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands with a market capitalization of $3.321 Trillion.


    Notable market events have included the 2007 merger with NYSE, the 2013 International Exchange acquisition of NYSE Euronext, and the 2014 Euronext IPO.

    The Tenth is the Deutsche Borse AG in Germany came in 1992 with a market capitalization of $1.762 Trillion. It runs the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the Scoach. It is located in Frankfurt.

    You would also like to know more about the Australian Stock Market

    The bottom line

    The stock exchanges in developed countries, as well as those exchanges in developing countries, serve as measurements of where the national economy is headed.

    YOU WOULD LIKE TO READ How to research and choose stock?

    Moreover, the largest stock exchanges play an important part in the world economy. The stock exchanges are A dealer market includes all facilities to conduct security transactions not made on the physical location exchanges. for the economic development of many developing countries.

    In developing countries, there are also stock exchanges.

    And the stock exchanges in the developed countries are mature and are the major backbones of that country’s economy.

    Financial market growth equals higher standards of living as well as create more jobs. Mature financial markets support funding international projects. This funding mitigates poverty.

    Risk Disclosure (read carefully!)