Tag: investing

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  • What Is Options Trading Examples

    What Is Options Trading Examples

    What Is Options Trading?
    In options trading, the underlying asset can be stocks, commodities, futures, index, currencies. The option of stock gives the right to buy or sell the stock at a definite price and specified date. 

    By Guy Avtalyon

    Before we explain deeper: what is options trading, we need to understand why we should trade options at all. If you think it something fancy, you couldn’t be more wrong. Actually, the origin of options trading came from ancient times. For example, Ancient Greeks were speculating on the price of olives before harvest and traded according to that. When someone asks you: what is options trading and argues that it belongs to modern stock brokerages just tell such one about trading olives. 

    From the first day of trade existence, people were trying to guess the price of food or some item they wanted to buy. 

    What is options trading?

    We have a simple example to answer the question: “ What is options trading.”

    Let’s say we want to buy a stock at $10.000. But the broker tells us that we can buy that stock at $20 and the time is limited so we have to make our decision in a short time frame but we don’t know “ what is options trading.” This broker’s offer means that we have to pay $20 now and get a right to buy the stock after one month. Well, our right, in this case, obligates the seller to sell us that stock at $10.000 even if the price increases in value after one month. This $200 will stay in the broker’s account forever. We will never get it back. But we got the right to buy the stock at the price we are willing to pay. 

    How does options trading work?

    We understand there is a chance that the stock price will increase much over $10.200, we want to pay our broker an extra $200 to provide us the right to buy the stock at $10.000. Moreover, we saved the rest of our $10.000 so we can keep it or invest in something else while waiting for the end of the period.

    Okay, the end is here, the one-month period is over so what is the next? Well, we have the right to buy that stock at $10.000 and we noticed the price is much over that amount. Of course, we will buy it at the agreed price. But what to do if the price is below the guessed price? Remember, we have the RIGHT to BUY not OBLIGATION. So, we can buy or not depending on the stock price. 

    This is a very simple explanation on the question: What is options trading, but this is the essence. 

    The options are derivatives. That means their prices are derived from something else, frequently from stocks. The price of an option is connected to the price of the underlying stock. Options trading is possible with the stocks, bonds market, and ETFs, and the like.

    What are the advantages of options trading?

    Some investors are avoiding options because they believe they are hard to understand. Yes, they can be if your broker has a lack of knowledge about them. Of course, you can have less than need knowledge about options trading. But the truth is, it isn’t hard to learn because this kind of trading provides a lot of advantages. Keep in mind that options are a powerful tool so use them with the necessary diligence to avoid major problems.

    Sometimes, we think that characteristics like “critical” or “unsafe” are unfairly connected to the options. But when you have all the information about options you’ll be able to make a proper decision.

    Cost less

    One of the most important advantages of options trading is it will cost you less. Let’s see how it is possible.

    Yes, we know that some people will claim that buying options are riskier than holding stocks. But we want to show you how to use options and reduce risk. Hopefully, you will understand that all depend on how you will use them.

    First of all, we don’t need as much financial assurance as equities require. Further, options are relatively immune to the possible effects of gap openings. But the most important, options are the most dependable form a hedge. Are they safer than stocks though? Yes! 

    Lower risk

    Let’s say this way. When we are trading stocks, we have to set a stop-loss order to protect our position. We are the one who has to determine the price at which we are not willing to lose more. And here is the problem. Stops are designed to be executed when stocks trade at or below the limit we set. So, what if we place a stop-loss order at, for example, $36 for the stock we bought at $40. We don’t want to lose more than 10% on that stock. Our stop-loss order will become a market order and our stock will be sold when the price reaches $36 or less. This is how this order will work during the trading day but what can happen over the night? 

    How to use options as a hedge?

    Here is where the problems arise. Let’s say we closed stock at $38. Almost immediately after the opening bell, the next morning, due to the bad morning news about the company, our stock fell under $15. So that will be the price we’ll get for our stock. We’ll be locked in a great loss. The stop-loss order did nothing for us. If we bought the options as protection instead, we wouldn’t have such a great loss since the options never shut down after the closing bell. We would have insurance 24/7. 

    Can you understand how the options are a more dependable form of hedging?

    And as an additional choice to buying the stock, we could employ the stock replacement strategy. This means we would buy an in-the-money call instead of buying the stock. We have a lot of possibilities with options trading since the options mimic almost 85% of a stock’s performance. The benefit is that they cost 25% of the price of the stock. For example, if we bought an option at $25 instead of a stock at $100, our loss will be limited on that amount, not on the stock price. 

    Do options have higher returns?

    We don’t need to be a great mathematician (well, some of us are, that’s true) to understand that if we pay less and take the same profit, we have higher returns. That is exactly what options trading provides us. 

    Let’s analyze this part and compare the returns in both cases.

    For example, we bought a stock for, let’s say $100. You bought an option of that stock at $25. This stock has a delta of 70, so the option’s price will change 70% of the stock’s price movement. (This is a made-up example, please keep that in mind.)
    So, the stock price goes up for $10, and our position on this stock will give us 10% of the return. You bought an option and your position will give you 70% of the stock change (delta is 70, remember?) which is $7. 

    Do you understand?

    We paid the same stock $100, you paid $25.
    Our return on that stock is 10% which is $10; your gain on investment of $25 is $7 which is a 28% return on investment. Who made a better job?

    Of course, when the trade goes against you, options can impose heavy losses. There is a chance to lose your entire investment.

    Benefits of options trading

    Options trading can be a great addition to your existing investing strategy. They will give you leverage in your investing. You will have cheaper exposure to the stocks, increasing profits and losses when the stock price changes. One of the benefits is that options can reduce the risk in the overall portfolio. For example, a protective put trade. That is when you combine purchasing a put option to sell stock at a specified price. That will provide you the upside when the stock price rises but also, that will protect you from losses when the stock price drops. Also, you can earn by selling the options. You will receive the money even if the stock isn’t exercised. That is compensation for giving someone else the right to buy your stock but that one never did it. You’ll keep the money anyway.

    Bottom line

    Options offer more investment options. They are highly adjustable vehicles. You can use options for positions synthetics. But it is for advanced traders.
    But there are some extreme risks to options. Firstly, options can expire worthlessly. That will be a complete loss of whatever you paid for the options. Further, options are highly volatile. Many brokerages will offer options trading, but with some added requirements before they will let you trade options. 

    Also, speaking about options strategies, they will work well when you make many trades simultaneously. You have to know that options markets aren’t constantly liquid as the stock market. The simultaneous trades don’t always go ideally. So, your strategy may not work the way you expected. Many online brokerages will give you access to options trading with low commission costs. So, we all can use this powerful tool. But, take some time to learn how to use options accurately. It is still new for individual investors. 

    We’re doing smart trading.

  • How to Survive the Market Downturn?

    How to Survive the Market Downturn?

    How to Survive the Market Downturn?
    The global uncertainty due to the coronavirus outbreak forces investors to a smart allocation. Avoid companies with high debt, stay focused on the sustainability of earnings.

    By Guy Avtalyon

    How to survive the market downturn? We heard so many investors asking this. Boosting the concerns were profit warnings from the companies in Europe, the US, and all over the world. Everyone is talking that a key earnings target would take longer to meet. The reason is the coronavirus outbreak adds uncertainty in the main markets. Many well-known large companies plunged and had to mute growth for this year due to the COVID-19 outbreak. We are sure you are following what’s going one with that and also, we hope you are following WHO’s advice to protect yourselves.

    Our concern is how to survive the market downturn, what investors have to do now when the markets are down.

    Financial pandemic

    Asia Pacific markets dropped today (February, 28) due to fears about the coronavirus. These fears continue to urge a global sell-off.
    Japan’s Nikkei 225 dropped more than 3% in today’s morning trading. South Korea’s Kospi and Australia’s S&P/ASX 200  fell more than 2% each.
    Hong Kong’s Hang Seng fell 2.7%, while the Shanghai Composite fell 3.4%.
    Also, we have a historic plunge in the markets in the US. Three major US indexes slipped into correction territory on Thursday. The S&P 500 had the worst day since 2011. The Dow sank 1,191 points, which is a drop of 4.4%. This was the worst one-day point drop in its history.
    Coronavirus appears as a ‘financial pandemic’.  The global oil benchmarks, US crude, and Brent crude fell Thursday lower by 3.4% and 2.3%.
    Even China search giant Baidu warned that revenue could fall as much as 13% in the first quarter and its core business could fall by 18% compared to the same time last year.

    How to survive the market downturn?

    So, the coronavirus has continued to spread, the stock market has started to feel the uncertainty. No one knows how this situation could affect companies over the world. Or investors. This epidemic like any other came suddenly and caused a shock to the global economy. As always, this situation lead (and it did) to great changes in the stock markets. Investors’ fears became a truth. And also, this led to panic selling.

    What a great mistake!

    Why do we think it is a great mistake? Okay, we all want our wealth to grow, not to vanish. These stock market ups and downs are hard to look at for all of us. That’s why it is so easy to be caught in emotions.

    Investors are frightened and worried and that can lead to panic. And panic can lead to quick and imprudent sellings. We want to help you to avoid this mistake that may cost you very much.

    Let’s take a look at an example that may help you to learn how to keep your hands off your investments. Especially now with a major market slide. Let’s say you entered this year with $100.000 in your investments. But it is the end of February and the stock market is dropping (You have the last data above) and let’s say, you already lost $10.000. Can you afford to lose an extra $10.000 if the market continues to fall? So, how to survive the market downturn? If you want to survive this storm your first thought might be to sell off, for example, mutual funds and move into the money market. That’s a mistake, that’s wrong. Don’t do that! The stock market can rebound. Yes, it will take a few months till then, at least two, but when it does that you’ll be able to recover your losses and gain more. So, don’t keep your money on the sidelines. Investors that did such a thing extremely regretted it.

    Try to separate your emotions from the investment decisions. One day, very soon, whatever looks like a disaster now, can be just a twinkle in your investing history. 

    How to survive the market downturn by keeping fears under control?

    Do you know a saying on Wall Street? It is something like: The Dow climbs a wall of worry. What does this saying want to tell us? Dow Jones will continue to rise despite economic downturns, pandemics, natural disasters, or any other catastrophes. That’s why we have to keep our emotions under control, our fears in check. This market correction just looks like a massive disaster but it is just one short period in the market’s cycle. 

    Well, how to tell you this? When some economic slowdown appears it is so normal for the stock market to go negative. For long-term investors that means nothing. They bought their shares at a low price when the market was down. So, consider if there is a buying opportunity. Always keep in mind the old maxim “buy low and sell high”.

    Reexamine your portfolio and your investment strategy instead of panic. Choose to be strategic with actions.

    What are the benefits of a declining stock market?

    The market is down, so what? Will it be a market correction? No one knows. What do we have to do? To stick to our investment plan and goals. Don’t damage your portfolio. 

    Investors turn into stocks when the market approaches new highs. When the market drops they are running away. So, what are they doing? Buying high, selling low? The consequence is that they have poor returns. Can you see the problem? It doesn’t have to be like that. Some investors know how to benefit from the market drop, how to survive the market downturn.

    Ways to survive the market downturn

    Firstly, they know how to recognize the problem, meaning they understand the essence of investing. With that knowledge, it is more possible to avoid unfavorable investment performance. So, learn! 

    If we sell out of fear when the market is down, we are actually generating minimal returns. At least, we should think about this before executing a trade on such occasions. The next step is to change our mentality, the way we think. For example, we all like when the price of electricity goes down, right? But we are not excited when the stock price is going down. Here is the catch! 

    How can money go further?

    It can be achieved if we buy more shares since the prices are lower. We can buy more shares even if the amount of money we planned for that stays the same. So, our money will go extra. Further, we can reinvest dividends. That can be a notable portion of our returns. We found some studies that show the dividends added 5 percentage points of the entire 7.9% returns of stocks. These studies cover the period from 1802 to 2002. So, if we want better returns we need to reinvest dividends.

    One of the benefits of a declining market is a chance to sell high and buy low but through rebalancing. This means we have to sell winning assets, the assets that increased in value, and provide money to buy assets at a lower price but with a good future perspective.

    Typically, bonds are better players in everyone’s portfolios, so sell them and go into stock funds. Analysts revealed that this only step in rebalancing can increase risk-adjusted returns, even up by 21%.

    Is the dropping market a good experience?

    A dropping market provides us priceless experience. Don’t underestimate this. That new knowledge will give us a valuable answer on how to survive the market downturn in the future. At least, we’ll be able to understand how we manage our emotions. That can be the core of our future investment goals. If we feel uncertainty about every small change in stock price, we should go into a safer investment. Maybe stocks are not for us. But if we enter the fight and end up with more winners, only the sky’s the limit. 

    We don’t like to guess if this will be a market correction or not. No one can do that, whoever tells that can predict the next stock market move, lies. We don’t know.  All we know is that the best way is to stay in your investment plan. This is smart trading!

  • Calculate Portfolio Performance

    Calculate Portfolio Performance

    Calculate Portfolio Performance
    Don’t base the success of your investment portfolio on returns alone. Use these three sets of measurement tools to calculate portfolio performance.

    The main goal to calculate portfolio performance is to measure the value created by the investor’s risk management. The majority of investors will judge the success of their portfolios based on returns. But it isn’t enough. To have a sense of how our investment portfolio is well-diversified and how much risk we take we need to calculate portfolio performance. In other words, we need a measure of both risk and return in the portfolio to judge its success. Until the 1960s no one paid attention to the risks involved in obtaining returns. But today we have several ways to calculate portfolio performance and measure it. 

    Our aim is to present you with these valuable tools. 

    Sharpe, Jensen and Treynor ratios pair risk and return performances, and unite them into unique value. Well, each of them operates a bit differently so we can choose one to calculate portfolio performance or mix all three ratios.

    Calculate Portfolio Performance Using Sharpe Ratio

    Sharpe ratio is the measure of risk-adjusted return of an investment portfolio. Or in other words, by calculating it we can find a measure of excess return over the risk-free rate relative to its standard deviation. It is common to use the 90-day Treasury bill rate as the representative for the risk-free rate. This ratio is named after William F Sharpe. He is a Nobel laureate and professor of finance, emeritus at Stanford University.

    The formula is:

    ​Sharpe ratio= (PR−RFR) / SD

    ​In this formula, PR represents the expected portfolio return, RFR is the risk-free rate, while SD represents a portfolio’s standard deviation which is a measure for risk. Standard deviation reveals the variation of returns from the average return. So we can say that if the standard deviation is great, the risk involved is also great. 

    So, you can see how the Sharpe ratio is simple to calculate since it has only 3 variables. 

    But let’s calculate portfolio performance more realistic. For example, our portfolio has a 20% rate return. The whole market scored 15%. So, we may think that our portfolio is greater than the market, right? But it isn’t a proper opinion. How is that? Well, we didn’t calculate the risk we had to take to earn such a great rate return. What if we took much more risk than we thought. That would mean that our portfolio isn’t optimal. Let’s go further in this analysis. Imagine that our portfolio has a standard deviation of 15% and the overall market has 8%, and the risk-free rate is 3%. This is just a random example. Let’s calculate portfolio performance now using the Sharp ratio formula.

    Sharp ratio for our portfolio: (20 – 3) / 15 = 1.13

    and

    Sharp ratio for the market: (15 – 3) / 8 = 1.5

    Can you see now?

    While our portfolio scored more than the overall market, our Sharpe Ratio was notably less. So, our portfolio with a lower Sharpe Ratio was a less optimal portfolio even though the return was higher. This means we took an excess risk without extra bonus. But it isn’t the same case when it comes to the overall market, it is actually the opposite. When the market has a higher Sharpe ratio, it has a higher risk-adjusted return. The best portfolio is not the portfolio with the highest return. Rather, an excellent portfolio has a higher risk-adjusted return.

    Sharpe ratio is more suitable for well-diversified portfolios because it more correctly considers the risks of the portfolio. 

    Jensen ratio

    The Jensen ratio gauges how much of the portfolio’s rate of return is attributable to our capability to produce returns above average, and adjusted for market risk. 

    The Jensen ratio measures the excess return that a portfolio produces over the expected return. This figure of return is also recognized as alpha. Let’s say that our portfolio has positive excess returns, so it has a positive alpha. On the other hand, a portfolio with a negative excess return has a negative alpha.

    The formula is:

    Jenson’s alpha = PR−CAPM

    Here, PR stands for portfolio return and CAPM is risk-free rate+β( beta). We know that beta is the return of the market risk-free rate of return.

    ​By using Jensen’s alpha formula we can calculate an investment’s risk-adjusted value. It is also known as Jensen’s Performance Index or ex-post alpha. Jensen’s alpha tries to determine the unusual return of a portfolio no matter what assets it consists of. This formula was first introduced by the economist Michael Jensen. Investors use this formula to calculate portfolio performance by enabling them to discover if an asset’s average return is adequate to its risks.

    Regularly, the higher the risk, the greater the expected return. So, that’s why evaluating risk-adjusted performance is especially important for making investment decisions. It will allow doing this. 

    This Jensen’s alpha also can be expressed as 

    Jensen’s alpha = Portfolio return – ((Risk-Free Rate + Portfolio Beta x (Market Return – Risk-Free Rate))

    The alpha figure can be positive or negative. When it is higher positive values that suggest better performance in comparison to expectations while negative rates showed that the assets perform below expectations. Jensen’s alpha is expressed in percentages. 

    Let’s take the example of a stock with a return per day based on CAPM. And we see that it is 0.20% but the real stock return is 0.25%. So, Jensen’s alpha is 0.05%. Is it a good indicator? Yes, you can be sure.

    The purpose of this measure is to help investors to go for assets that grant maximum returns but with minimum risks.

    For example, you found two stocks that are offering similar returns. But one with less risk would be more profitable for investors than the one with greater risk. When calculating Jensen’s alpha you would like to see a positive alpha since that indicates an abnormal return.

    Treynor ratio

    The Treynor ratio is very useful to calculate portfolio performance. It is a measure that uses portfolio beta,  a measure of systematic risk. That is different from the Sharpe Ratio that adjusts return with the standard deviation. 

    This ratio represents a quotient of return divided by risk. The Treynor Ratio is named after Jack Treynor, the economist, and developer of the Capital Asset Pricing Model.

    The formula is expressed as:

    Treynor ratio = (PR−RFR) / β

    The symbols are well-known, PR stands for portfolio return, RFR refers to the risk-free rate and β is portfolio beta.

    We can see that this ratio takes into account both the return of the portfolio and the portfolio’s systematic risk. From a mathematical viewpoint, this formula expresses the quantity of excess return from the risk-free rate per unit of systematic risk. And just like the Sharpe ratio, it is a return/risk ratio.

    Let’s assume we would like to compare two portfolios. One is the equity portfolio and the other is the fixed-income portfolio. How can we decide which is a better investment? Treynor Ratio will help us pick the better one.

    To put this simply, assume for the purpose of this article only, the equity portfolio has a total return of 9%, while the fixed-income portfolio has a return of 7%. Also, the proxy for the risk-free rate is 3%. Further, let’s suppose that the beta of the equity portfolio is 1.5, while the fixed-income portfolio has a beta of 1.25

    Let’s calculate for each portfolio!

    Treynor ratio for a equity portfolio = (9% – 3%) / 1.5 = 0.040 

    Treynor ratio for a fixed-income portfolio = (7% – 3%) / 1.25 = 0.032

    So, the Treynor ratio of the equity portfolio is higher which means a more favorable risk/return option. Since the Treynor ratio is based on past performance it is possible not to be repeated in the future. But you will not rely on just one ratio when making an investment decision. You have to use other metrics too.

    For the Treynor ratio, it is important to know that the negative value of beta will not give exact figures. Also, while comparing two portfolios this ratio will not show the importance of the difference of the values. For instance, if the Treynor ratio of one portfolio is 0.4 and for the other 0.2, the first isn’t surely double better.

    Bottom line

    To calculate portfolio performance we have to determine how our portfolio has performed relative to some benchmark. Performance calculation and evaluation methods fall into two categories, conventional and risk-adjusted. The most popular conventional methods combine benchmark and style comparison. The risk-adjusted methods are focused on returns. They count the differences in risk levels between our portfolio and the benchmark portfolio. The main methods are the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, Jensen’s alpha. But there are many other methods too.

    But one is sure, portfolio performance calculations are a key part of the investment decision. Keep in mind, portfolio returns are just a part of the whole process. If we never evaluate the risk-adjusted returns, we will never have the whole picture. That could lead to wrong decisions and losses, literally.

  • Markets Are Down – Should We Invest Further

    Markets Are Down – Should We Invest Further

    Markets Are Down
    The spread of the coronavirus has disturbed investors. The fears of new outbreaks can push down global demand. The S&P 500 closed down 3% on Tuesday, the index is deeper in the red.

    Markets are down, an inverted yield curve is noticed, coronavirus is progressing and spreading all over the world. Everything tells us that we should be afraid. This inverted yield curve is proof of investors’ fears. They are starting to fear the worst and sell in panic. Almost all benchmark indexes are decreasing. While we have several things that can help- us to avoid infection by COVID-19, what can we do to protect our investments? 

    Stock markets suffered two big drops so far this week. Coronavirus outbreak made a great influence on the global stock markets. An economic downturn has increased quickly following China. It is the reality now in the US, Middle East, and Europe.

    The best sign of how this situation is difficult is visible among the investors who are looking for safe havens for their capital. But there are so many signs that worry us. The yields on U.S. government bonds are dropping to near-record lows and showing red flags. Further, returns are higher for short-term debt in comparison to the 10-years bonds meaning, yields continue inverted. Everything is opposite to the regular situation and some of the experts think that is the sign the recession is coming.

    But our intention is not to cry over this situation. We would like to discuss how to turn this market downturn to our benefit. Is it possible at all? We are receiving controversial information from our governments, experts have their interests also. That makes confusion among investors especially when it is so obvious that stock markets are down. As we said, let’s try to find the way out there. The mother of all questions is:

    Should we invest when the markets are down?

    In short, yes. Why shouldn’t we? We should invest in any case no matter if the stock markets are down, sideways, or they are up. The essence of investing is to reach settled financial goals. To do that we have to keep our eyes on our investments, to the stock prices, no matter what kind of market condition is. That’s a general duty while investing. Otherwise, everything will go apart.

    Let’s say you are going to shop and you notice that something you planned to buy is on discount. What will you do? Step away? Will you buy it or not? Of course, you will. When it comes to stocks, why would your decision be different? As far as we remember, investors’ mantra is “buy low, sell high”, right? Actually, when everyone is selling, the smart decision is to buy. That is according to Warren Buffett. But where is the catch? Don’t buy if you didn’t plan that or just because you saw someone is doing so. Buy only after you made a consistent plan of your investment. Buying cheap stocks just because they are on sale can be the wrong move.

    Buy, buy, buy

    We don’t want to diminish the influence of the coronavirus outbreak. It is a horrible situation, a possible dead-ending disease, very dangerous. But what we know is the financial markets have been almost immune to the influences of earlier epidemics. 

    Stock prices are affected by various outside factors and some of them have nothing to do with companies’ operations, that’s true. The prices will decline on the bad news such as the coronavirus outbreak or a downturn in the overall economy. But that has nothing to do with the company, to repeat. The circumstances like this one actually represent a great opportunity. For example, you were looking at some company for a long time and its stock was too pricey for you. Due to the markets down it becomes cheaper. Maybe you have enough capital to buy it since it is such a good market player. 

    We have a great reason to change our position and buy more stocks

    Why not? It is a good time to buy more at fire-sale prices. But what if you don’t have suitable cash to deploy? Think! Maybe you can find one or a few investments in your portfolio to sell and buy a new one.

    Always keep in mind, your investment decisions should be based on your financial goals, not managed by market movements. That’s why you should buy stocks when markets are down only if you wanted particular stock and it is suitable for your goals. Don’t rush with that because buying stocks just because they are cheaper at this very moment is also an emotional reaction as much as selling when the markets are down.

    What are we doing instead?

    Well, we are doing smart trading. We must have a plan, investing schedule and stick with it. That means we already planned some cash reserve and we are ready for a situation like this new market downturn is. So, we are able to look at this like a buying opportunity that comes.

    Buying stocks while everybody is selling isn’t a strategy without risk. There is always a chance that the market doesn’t go to the bottom. But if we buy when the markets are down, we have a chance to have larger gains when the market rebounds. More than the investors who didn’t buy.

    A few days of bad news are not a reason to sell in panic

    To be honest, drastic drops can be upsetting to look at. The markets trended upward for so long and suddenly we have this. But we have to consider this situation as a buying opportunity.
    The worst strategy when the markets are down is to sell your portfolio. Okay, maybe the worst of the worst is to take the short positions. The stock market knows how to punish investors who are too bearish.
    Rather, maintain a notable piece of your portfolio in stocks, even now when the stock markets are down. The point here is to be in position and take advantage when the markets turn forward. Of course, you would like to protect your portfolio against dangerous market forces as much as possible.

    So what and how to do it?

    Well, you have to reduce your stock exposure but you have to keep the main strengths. Keep the winners. You can sell the positions that are not performing well because they represent the weak part of your portfolio. So, during the market correction or situations like this one when the markets are down, those stocks or funds might get the most critical hit. Further, even when the markets are down you may have some positions that are extremely good but you assume that they will not play so well. Your actions should be – take a profit. Yes, why not? Just do it at market peaks to have profits.

    Further, consider the way you invest, maybe it’s time to change something. Maybe index-based ETFs are not the best choice, they work well during bull markets, but bear markets are less safe. 

    Don’t follow the prevailing sentiment and sell investments. Rather sell risky positions, for example, some with a high beta. Also, think about selling some with a history of volatility. Yes, we know there are some investors who sell their positions in the most steady companies to avoid losses. What we can say is that they are very nervous. Who else wants to sell everything and sit at the sideline? You know, the market will bounce back one day. But if you sell everything you hold now you will miss big gains when it happens. Sell risky investments only, as we said. Hold blue-chip companies!

    Bottom line

    The keyword for overcoming the market’s downturn is advance preparation. There is no better strategy. The nature of the stock market is to experience declines from time to time. Preparations mean having enough cash to provide ourselves more opportunities in investing. Think about this downturn as a normal cycle. As said, it is so normal for the stock market to go down after it reached its peak. Savvy investors made some other preparations while the market was at the peak. They already lowered their exposure on time.

    But it isn’t too late yet. At least once in life, every single investor has to deal with weak market conditions. So, we truly believe you are prepared for this one. Stay calm, lower your exposure to stocks, sell stocks that are not good players, buy more. But never try to stay at the market with knee-jerks reactions. Don’t sell in panic, that will ruin your investments, your capital, family and finally you. Stay stick with your investment goals and wait for the market to rebound. It is the only proper way to overcome the market’s downturns.

  • Trading After And Before Regular Hours

    Trading After And Before Regular Hours

    Trading After And Before Regular Hours
    Traders can trade stocks during weekday mornings and evenings. Trading on weekends is not allowed. But you can benefit from differences in time zones on international exchanges.

    By Guy Avtalyon

    Trading after and before regular hours is possible. Okay, we all know that the stock market operates through regular trading hours and that is something even new traders know. But what they don’t know is that is possible trading after regular hours, meaning before and after. That is the so-called pre-market and post-market session. 

    Let’s take the US stock market as an example. The US stock market is open between 9:30 AM and 4 PM from Monday to Friday. Those are regular trading hours. Trading after and before regular hours means you have a chance to trade between 4 PM and 9:30 AM which is called the pre-market session and between 4 PM and 8 PM which is known as post-market session.

    Over the regular trading hours, the billions of shares are traded, while trading after and before regular hours involves just a small part of it. So, it is possible to trade both before and after the bell but what result would you have? That’s something we need to discuss. 

    Let’s make clear what is pre-market and to define what is the post-market session. But there is also something you, as a new trader, has to know.

    Stock market hours are not the same all over the world

    The markets are not all open at the same time. Here are the hours of the major stock markets around the world.

    USA
    The NYSE and the NASDAQ are open from 9:30 AM to 4 PM EST (Eastern Standard Time). Both markets are not open when the main federal holidays are.
    Canada
    The Toronto Stock Exchange is open from 9:30 AM to 4 PM EST also. It isn’t open for 10 holidays per year.
    Japan
    The Tokyo Stock Exchange is open from 9 AM to 11:30 AM and from 12:30 to 3 PM JST. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is not open for 22 holidays per year.
    Hong Kong
    The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is open from 9:30 AM to 12 PM and from 1 to 4 PM HKT which is UTC+08:00 all year round. It is not open for 15 holidays per year.
    China
    The Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange are open from 9:30 AM to 11:30 AM and from 1 PM to 3 PM CST ( UTC+08:00). Both are not open for 15 holidays per year.
    India
    The Bombay Stock Exchange is open from 9:15 AM to 3:30 PM IST (UTC+05:30). It is not open for 15 holidays per year.
    United Kingdom
    The London Stock Exchange Group is open from 8:15 AM to 4:30 PM GMT. It is not open for 8 holidays per year.
    Europe
    The SIX Swiss Exchange is open from 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM CET. It is not open for 12 holidays per year.
    Euronext, Amsterdam, is open from 9 AM to 5:40 PM CET. It is not open for 6 holidays per year.

    Pre-market is…

    What is Pre-Market?

    Pre-market trading is a trading activity that happens before the regular market session. It usually happens between 8:00 AM and 9:30 AM EST. Traders and investors might gather very important data from the pre-market sessions while waiting for the regular sessions. No matter how volume and liquidity are limited during pre-markets. The bid-ask spread is almost the same. So, they are able to estimate the strength and direction of the market thanks to this data.

    You can find a lot of retail brokers that offer pre-market trading but with limited types of orders. On the other hand, only several brokers with direct access will provide the possibility to trade in the pre-market sessions. You have to know you would not find a lot of activity so early in the morning but you can find the quotes for most of the stocks. There are some stocks you can trade in the pre-market. For example, APPLE is getting trades at 4:00 AM EST.

    But the stock market is very thin before opening hours so you may not have many beneficial tradings early in the morning. Actually, it is possible to take additional risks.

    Since the bid-ask spreads are large some slippage may occur. 

    So, never place a trade too early. The majority of pre-market traders enter the market at 8 AM EST. It is understandable because that is the time when the volume picks up at once over the board. The most interesting are the stocks. The morning news is already published and prices may indicate gaps based on them. This can be very tricky for the stock traders. Well, pre-market trading is tricky for stock traders in general.

    How is that? Stocks can look strong at the pre-market session, but they can reverse direction when the market starts regular working hours. So, if you are not an experienced trader, you should analyze trading in the pre-market first.

    Advantages of pre-market trading

    You can get an early view of the news reports. But remember, the amount of volume is limited. So, you may have a false understanding of weakness or strength and you may fall when the real volume comes into play. Anyway, if you want to trade at pre-market you can complete your trades with limit orders over electronic networks only. Market makers have to wait for the opening bell to execute orders.

    Trading stocks after-hours is…

    It happens after the regular stock market hours are over.  Why would anyone want to trade in the post-market trading session?

    Well, the companies report earnings before the market opens or after the market closes. That’s strategy. The companies rather avoid reporting earnings during the regular market hours because they want to avoid unwilling changes in stock price caused by investors’ and traders’ reactions. For example, some companies announced their quarterly report during the regular hours but the results weren’t as good as expected. What is possible to happen? Well, investors and traders would like to sell that company’s stock and the price could easily and sharp drop making losses. 

    The truth is that the value of the stock will move no matter if the market is open or not. But, investors are seeking that very moment to access the market – the moment when the price is changing. That’s why the after-hours sessions are important. They are waiting for the companies to announce earnings reports and trade based on fresh news. Traders will not wait for the market opening bell. They will respond to the announcements and make a trade before the opening bell causes a stock fair value. If they don’t do so, they might be too late for profitable and smart trading. 

    Advantages of after-hours trading

    After-hours trading carries a lot of risks but also has possible benefits. Traders can trade based on really fresh news. That means they can act quickly and benefit from attractive prices. Also, it is convenient, also. Some investors don’t like trading at the on-peak time. Trading after-hours grants them this opportunity.
    Further, there is a wider bid-ask spread since the smaller number of traders. After-hours sessions are mostly made up of experienced traders. Also, there is higher volatility since the volume is lower. But we know, the higher the risk the greater reward is.
    The truth is that after-hours trading allows traders the possibility of great gains.

    There is no investing or trading without the risks involved. But if you choose trading after and before regular hours you will be faced with several very important risks.

    Firstly, you will not be in a position to see or trade based on quotes. Some companies will allow you to see quotes only from the trading system the company uses for after-hours trading. 

    Also, there is a lack of liquidity.

    Further, less trading activity could cause a wider bid-ask spread. That may cause more difficulty to execute your trade or to get a more favorable price as you could get during regular market hours. The additional risk is price volatility since the stocks have limited trading activity. Also, the stock prices can rise during the trading out of the regular hours but they could drop immediately when the bell opens the market.

    Despite all these disadvantages, trading in the pre-market and after-hours trading sessions could be a great place to start. Just keep in mind that there are additional risks.

  • What Is Alpha In Investing – How to Beat the Market

    What Is Alpha In Investing – How to Beat the Market

    What Is Alpha In Investing
    Alpha represents a measure of an asset’s return on investment compared to the risk-adjusted expected return.
    Beta represents a measure of volatility. Beta measures how an asset moves versus a benchmark.

    What is Alpha? Alpha is a measure of the performance of an investment in comparison to a fitting market index, for example, the S&P 500. The base value is zero. And when you see the number one in Alpha that means that the return on the investment outperformed the overall market average by 1%. A negative alpha number shows that the return on the investment is underperforming in comparison to the market average. This measure is applicable over a strictly defined time frame.

    What is Alpha more? It is one of the performance ratios that investors use to evaluate both individual stocks and portfolio as a whole. Alpha is shown as a single number, for example, 1, 2, 5 but expressed as a percentage. It shows us how an investment performed related to a benchmark index. For example, a positive alpha of 4 (+4) suggests that the portfolio’s return outperformed the benchmark index’s performance by 4%.  But the alpha of negative 4 (-4) means that the portfolio underperformed the index by 4%. When alpha is zero that means that your investment had a return that met the overall market return.

    What is Alpha of a portfolio?

    It is the excess return the portfolio yields related to the index. When you are investing in some ETF or mutual funds you should look if they have high alpha because you will have better ROI (Return on Investment).

    But you cannot use this ratio solely, you have to use it together with a beta. Beta is a measure of investment volatility. The beta will show you how volatile one investment is compared to the volatility of, for example, the S&P 500 index.

    These two ratios are used to analyze a portfolio of investments and assess their theoretical performance.

    How to calculate?

    First, you have to calculate the expected rate of return of your portfolio. But you have to do that based on the risk-free rate of return, market risk premium, and a beta of the portfolio. The final step is to deduct this result from the actual rate of return of your portfolio.

    Here is the formula

    Expected rate of return = Risk-free rate of return – β x (Market return – Risk-free rate of return)

     and

    Alpha of the portfolio = Actual rate of return of the portfolio – Expected Rate of Return on Portfolio

    The risk-free rate can be discovered from the average annual return of security, over a longer period of time.

    You will find the market return by tracking the average annual return of a benchmark index, for example, S&P500. The market risk premium is calculated by deducting the risk-free rate of return from the market return.

    Market risk premium = Market return – Risk rate of return

    The next step is to find a beta of a portfolio. It is determined by estimating the movement of the portfolio in comparison to the benchmark index. 

    So, now when we have this result, expected rate of return, we can calculate further. We have to find the actual rate of return. It is calculated based on its current value and the prior value.

    And here we are, we have the formula for calculation of alpha of the portfolio. All we have to do is to deduct the expected rate of return of the portfolio from the actual rate of return of the portfolio.

    That was a step by step guide for this calculation.

    Becoming an Alpha investor

    There is a great discussion about should the average investor look for alpha results of a portfolio. But we can hear that investors mention alpha. This is nothing more than the amount by which they have beaten or underperformed the benchmark index. It can be the S&P 500 index if you are investing in the US stock market. In such a case, that would be your benchmark.

    For example, if the benchmark index is up 4% over the period, and your portfolio is up 6%, your alpha is +2. But if your portfolio is up 2%, your alpha is -2.

    Of course, everyone would like to beat the benchmark index all the time. 

    What is the Alpha investing strategy?

    We know that Alpha is a measure of returns after the risk is estimated. Risk is determined as beta, a measure of how volatile one investment is related to the volatility of the benchmark index.

    Alpha strategies cover equity funds with stock selection. Also, hedge fund strategies are a popular addition in alpha portfolios.

    Something called “pure alpha” covers hedge funds and risk premia strategies. The point is that by adding an alpha strategy to your overall portfolio you can boost returns of the other investment strategies that are not in correlation.

    Alpha is the active return on investment, measures the performance of an investment against a market index. The investment alpha is the excess return of investment relative to the return of an index.

    You can generate alpha if you diversify your portfolio in a way to eliminate disorganized risks. By adding and subtracting you are managing the risk and the risk becomes organized not spontaneously. When alpha is zero that means the portfolio is in line with an index. That indicates that you didn’t add or lose any value in your portfolio.

    When an investor wants to pick a potential investment, she or he considers beta. But also the fund manager’s capacity to generate alpha. For example, a fund has a beta of 1 which means it is volatile as much as the S&P index. To generate alpha, a fund manager has to generate a return greater than the S&P 500 index.

    For example, a fund returns 12% per year. That fund has a beta of 1. If we know that the S&P 500 index returns 10%, it is said the fund manager generated alpha returns.

    If we consider the risks, we’ll see the fund and the S&P index have the same risk. So, the fund manager generated better returns, so such managers generated alpha. 

    Alpha in use

    You can use alpha to outperform the market by taking more risks but after the risk is considered. Well, you know that risk and reward are in tight relation. If you take more risks, the potential reward will go up. Hence, limited risks, limited rewards.

    For example, hedge funds use the concept of alpha. They use beta too, but we will write later about the beta. The nature of hedge funds is to seek to generate returns despite what the market does. Some hedge funds can be hedged completely by investing 50% in long positions and 50% in short positions. The managers will increase the value of long positions and decrease the value of their short positions to generate positive returns. But such a manager should be a ninja to provide gains not from high risk but from smart investment selection. If you find a manager that can give you at least a 4% annual return without a correlation to the market, you can even borrow the money and invest. But it is so rare.

    Alpha Described

    What is alpha more? It is often called the Jensen index. It is related to the capital asset pricing model which is used to estimate the required return of an investment. Also, it is used to estimate realized achievement for a diversified portfolio. Alpha serves to discover how much the achieved return of the portfolio differs from the required return.

    Alpha will show you how good the performance of your investment is in comparison to return that has to be earned for the risk you took. To put this simply, was your performance adequate to the risk you took to get a return.

    A positive alpha means that you performed better than was expected based on the risk. A negative alpha indicates that you performed worse than the required return of the portfolio. 

    The Jensen index allows comparing your performances as a portfolio manager or relative to the market itself. When using alpha, it’s important to compare funds inside the same asset class. Comparing funds from one asset class, otherwise, it is meaningless. How can you compare frogs and apples?

    What is beta?

    When stock fluctuates more than the market has a beta greater than 1.0. If stock runs less than the market, the beta is less than 1.0. High-beta stocks are riskier but give higher potential returns. Vice versa, stocks with lower beta carries less risk but yield lower returns.

    Beta is usually used as a risk-reward measure. It helps you determine how much risk you are willing to take to reach the return for taking on that risk. 

    To calculate the beta of security, you have to know the covariance between the return of the security and the return of the market. Also, you will need to know the variance of the market returns. The formula to calculate beta is

    Beta = Covariance/Variance

    ​Covariance shows how two stocks move together. If it is positive that means the stocks are moving together in both cases, when their prices go up or down. But if it is negative, that means the stocks move opposite to each other. You would use it to measure the similarity in price moves of two different stocks.

    Variance indicates how far a stock moves relative to its average. You would use variance to measure the volatility of stock’s price over time.  

    The formula for calculating beta is as shown above.

    Beta is very useful and simple to describe quantitative measure since it uses regression analysis to gauge the volatility. There are many ways in which beta can be read. For example, the stock has a beta of 1.8 which means that for every 1% correction in the market return there will be a 1.8% shift in return of that stock. But we also can say that this stock is 80% riskier than the market as a whole. 

    Limitations of Alpha

    Alpha has limitations that investors should count when using it. One is related to different types of funds. If you try to use this ratio to analyze portfolios that invest in different asset classes, it can produce incorrect results. The different essence of the various funds will change the results of the measure. Alpha is the most suitable if you use it strictly for stock market investments. Also,  you can use it as a fund matching tool or evaluating comparable funds. For example, two large-cap growth funds. You cannot compare a mid-cap value fund with a large-cap growth fund.

    The other important point is to choose a benchmark index. 

    Since the alpha is calculated and compared to a benchmark that is thought suitable for the portfolio, you should choose a proper benchmark. The most used is the S&P 500 stock index. But, you might need some other if you have an investment portfolio of sector funds, for example. if you want to evaluate a portfolio of stocks invested in the tech sector, a more relevant index benchmark would be the Dow technology index. But what if there is no relevant benchmark index? Well, if you are an analyst you have to use algorithms to mimic an index for this purpose.

    Limitations of beta

    The beta is good only for frequently traded stocks. Beta shows the volatility of an asset compared to the market. But it doesn’t have to be a rule.  Some assets can be risky in nature without correlation with market returns. You see, beta can be zero. You should be cautious when using a beta.

    Also, beta cannot give you a full view of the company’s risk outlook. For short-term volatility it is helpful but when it comes to estimating long-term volatility it isn’t.

    Bottom line

    What is alpha? It began with the intro of weighted index funds. Primarily, investors started to demand portfolio managers to produce returns that beat returns by investing in a passive index fund. Alpha is designed as a metric to compare active investments with index investing. 

    What is the difference between alpha and beta?

    You can use both ratios to compare and predict returns. Alpha and beta both use benchmark indexes to compare toward distinct securities or portfolios.

    Alpha is risk-adjusted. It is a measure that shows how funds perform compared to the overall market average return. The loss or profit produced relative to the benchmark describes the alpha. 

    On the other hand, beta measures the relative volatility of assets compared to the average volatility of the entire market. Volatility is an important part of the risk. The baseline figure for beta is 1. A security with a beta of 1 means that it performs almost the same level of volatility as the related index. If the beta is under 1, the stock price is less volatile than the market average. And vice versa, if the beta is over 1, the stock price is more volatile. There is some tricky part with beta value. If it is negative, it doesn’t necessarily mean less volatility. 

    A negative beta means that the stock tends to move inversely to the direction of the overall market.

  • ROI or Return On Investment – The Efficiency Of Investment

    ROI or Return On Investment – The Efficiency Of Investment

    ROI or Return On Investment
    ROI is a useful method to compare different investment opportunities, but it has limits

    ROI or Return on Investment estimates the gain or loss created on an investment related to the amount of money invested. Investors use ROI to compare the performance of different investments or to compare a company’s profitabilities. In essence, the Return on Investment measures the gain or loss of some investment relative to the capital invested. 

    The main goal of investing is profit, so it’s essential to seek investments that give the biggest potential return. ROI or Return on investment is the ratio of profitability that measures how big return will be on some investment relative to the costs. Commonly, you can see ROI as a percentage. This measure is very important when you want to evaluate an investment.

    Also, ROI is a valuable tool when you want to compare several investment opportunities. 

    For example, you have some dilemma in which company to invest in because you saw several interesting options. And it seems that all of them are good. What are you going to do? Of course, you are going to estimate the efficiency of each company particularly to reveal which one is able to generate more profits.

    How to calculate ROI or Return on Investment?

    To calculate ROI just divide the net return on investment by the cost of investment and multiply the result by 100 since ROI is expressed in percentages.

    The formula looks like this:

    ROI = (Net Return / Cost of Investment) x 100

    For example, you invested $10.000 in some stock a year ago. Now you sold it for $15.000. Let’s calculate the return on your investment.

    $15.000 – $10.000 = $5.000
    Your net return is $5.000. Let’s go further by following the formula. 

    ROI = ($5.000/$10.000) x 100 = 50%
    And you find ROI on your investment is 50%. The calculation is quite simple.
    To calculate ROI you can use this formula too:

    ROI = ((Final Value of Investment – Initial Value of Investment)/Cost of Investment)) x 100%

    Calculate ROI for different investments

    The basic ROI formula reveals how much an investment generated overall. But, if you want to compare ROI from several investments, you will need to take into consideration the amount of time needed for some investment do give you return.

    For example, let’s say you want to compare the ROI from two separate investments. Let’s do this using our previous example. The capital invested is $10.000. One year later you sold the shares for $15.000 and gained $5.000, so the ROI is 50%.

    But two years prior to this purchasing you bought some stake of shares of the other company and you invested, let’s say, the same amount of $10.000. After 3 years of holding it, you sold these shares for $16.000.

    Let’s calculate the ROI for this investment.

    ($6.000 / $10.000) x 100% = 60%

    ROI is 60%. Great! 

    Wait for a moment. It just seems that this second investment yielded a higher ROI. You had to hold this investment 3 years to generate a return of 60%. In other words, time matters. 

    The first investment generated 50% after one year, the second returned more but after 3 years. It generated 60% which means the annual return of just 20%. When you compare these two investments and their annual yields it’s clear that you made a better investment decision in the first example. To put this simply, even if you have a better overall return on some investment think about the amount of time you needed to reach it. The annual ROI is what will tell you about how good your investment is. Do it for each investment in your portfolio and you’ll figure out the winners.

    The other methods to calculate the return

    There are more precise methods to calculate return on investment. ROI isn’t the only one and has its limits. 

    To be honest, calculating ROI is an excellent way to compare investment chances. But one of the limitations of ROI is the lack of risk estimation. ROI formula doesn’t factor it into consideration. The risk estimation is very important particularly when you need to calculate actual returns. ROI is good to show you a potential return on your investment. But will it tell you how much you can lose? Not necessarily. 

    You must know that higher returns are in tight connection with more risk. The Higher returns, the more risk involved. This is particularly true for stocks. They have higher returns than bonds, for example, but at the same time, they are riskier. 

    Almost the same is for companies. When the company has a lower credit rating, it will offer a higher interest rate on bonds to balance the investors’ risk. 

    For example, you purchased the bonds from a company described above. It offered you much higher returns on its bonds and you might think it is a better opportunity than some company with good credit rating. And you made a calculation and saw ROI of, let’s say, 60% after one year. So, let’s see why it wasn’t a smart decision. What will you do if that company fails to pay interest rates? Well, you’ll end up literally without any returns. 

    Can you see where the point is? ROI is great but it measures only the potential return on investment, not actual. For proper decision, you will need a Real Rate of Return that takes into account inflation, taxes, and other factors. Also, the Net Present Value (NPV) is more suitable for investors like to estimate returns in the far future.

    This metric is helpful

    As most important, it is a simple metric, and easy to calculate and understand. You cannot misunderstand it. Moreover, it is a general measure of profitability applied everywhere all over the world. When you see that some investment has an ROI of 30% that is the same in the US or Europe or Africa. Thanks to its simplicity ROI is good enough for estimation the efficiency of a single investment or to compare the returns from several different investments.

    What is a good ROI?

    Investment returns must beat inflation, taxes, and fees because no one would like to hold an average investment. We all need excellent investments. That’s the whole wisdom, to earn a higher rate of return on investments. 

    A good ROI depends on the investment. The truth is that you have to keep expectations rational. For example, if you are expecting to gain 20% from blue-chips over the next 10 years, we have to say your expectations are pretty much unrealistic. It isn’t going to happen. Whoever promises you that, plays on your inexperience. For instance, the stock market’s average annual return is about 10%, for more aggressive investors it was about 15% per year. And it was almost the same for the last 100 years. Take it or leave it. Whoever promises you a moon is lying or trying to fraud you. 

    Bottom line

    ROI or Return on Investment calculation isn’t an accurate metric but it is a good way to reach the approximate figures. You can always expect some deviation or error in ROI calculation.
    ROI is rated as the single most significant measure of the efficiency of an investment. A better ROI means that investment has satisfying results. When you want to compare the ROI of different investments it is important to compare the companies from the same or similar sectors.
    This metric is very connected to what happened in the recent past. You have to follow a simple rule of thumb: the lower the recent returns, the higher the future returns. And vice versa.

  • How To Read Stock Charts?

    How To Read Stock Charts?

    How To Read Stock Charts?
    Stock charts will provide you the information about the stock’s past trading prices and volumes. This is a remarkable advantage when it comes to technical analysis.

    By Guy Avtalyon

    How to read stock charts and what they are trying to tell you? How can you use them in making your investment decisions? So let’s see the importance of price action and technical analysis. Because that’s it.

    We are 100% sure you’ve already had the opportunity to see the stock charts, for example, Yahoo Finance is one of those places. If you want to get some experience with outlook and parameters, it is the right place. Also, you could see the stock charts when you examine the company’s stock you wanted to buy.

    And what can you see? 

    There are two types of charts: line and candlestick. It looks so simple and a small graph but contains a lot of very important data. For example, you can see the opening and closing price, the lowest and the highest price of the stock, and plenty of other information set in that small image.

    What trading charts can tell?

    You must know, a chart is a visual illustration of changes in stock price and trading volume. They are not magical or scary. In essence, the charts do one easy job: They want to tell you a story about the stock. Stock charts will give you an objective picture without hypes and rumors. They will neglect even news and tell you the truth and what is really going on with your stock. 

    For example, when you learn how to read stock charts you’ll be able to notice if institutional investors are heavily selling. That will quickly provide you valuable info on what you have to do. The charts literally tell you that. If you see in the graph the investors are massively buying, what are you going to do? What do the charts want to tell you? They want to tell you: buy too. Or if you see they are selling: sell too. Those investors are heading the exits.

    The institutional investors’  buying or selling will shift your stock up or down. And the charts will tell you that on time. So you’ll be ready for action. That is extremely important in the stock markets that are volatile and stock price can change in a second.

    How to read stock charts

    Reading charts is one of the most important investing skills. Stock charts will tell you if the stock is depreciating or appreciating because they are recording the stock price and volume history. Well, when you grow your skill in chart reading, you’ll be able to find more. You will notice some small, often indirect signs in the stock actions such as whether the particular stock showed some unusual activities. 

    You choose the type of chart that best suits you, a line chart or a candlestick. But the charts will show you the price of daily changes in its price area. 

    Let’s breakdown all these bars and lines

    You will notice the vertical bars. They record the share price span for the chosen period. The horizontal dash that intersects within the price bar shows the current price. Also, it shows where a stock closed at the end of the day. If the color of the price bar is blue that means the stock closed up but if it is red the stock closed down.

    In the volume area, below the horizontal line, you will also see bars but volume bars that represent the number of shares traded in some period, day, week, month, etc. The color of the bars tells us the same as price bars. Also, there you will see the average volume for some stock over the last 50 days.

    Charts will tell you all about the average share price over the last 50 days and the last 200 days of trading. But by reading stock charts you will have the info about how the stock price moved compared to the market. It is a so-called relative strength line. When this line is trending up, we can say the particular stock is outperforming the market, the opposite means the stock is lagging the market.

    Changing the time period

    You can do that and have a look at the daily, weekly, monthly charts. 

    Daily stock charts will help you to measure the current strength or weakness of a stock. These charts are very useful for identifying the precise buy points and creating a short-term trading strategy.

    Weekly stock charts will help you to recognize longer-term trends and patterns in stock prices. The weekly charts use logarithmic price scaling. So, you can easily make comparisons between stocks or the major market indexes.

    Indicators in the stock charts

    All the charts will come with them. Indicators are tools that provide visual representations of mathematical calculations on price and volume. Well, they will tell you where it is possible for the price to go further. The major types of indicators are a trend, volume, momentum, and volatility. Trend indicators show the direction of the market moving. They are also known as oscillators because they are moving like a wave from low value up to the high and back to low and high again as the market is changing.

    Volume indicators will show you how volume is developing over time, how many stocks are being bought and sold over time. 

    Momentum indicators show strong the trend is. They can also reveal if a reversal will happen. They are useful for picking out price tops and bottoms. 

    Volatility indicators reveal how much the price is changing in a particular period. So, volatility isn’t a dangerous part of the markets, you have to know that. Without it, traders would never be able to make money! In other words, how is it possible to make a profit if the price never changes? High volatility means the stock price is changing very fast. Low volatility symbolizes small price moves.

    Some traders don’t use indicators because they think the indicators can smudge the clear message that the market is telling. Well, that’s obviously an individual approach.

    What are Support and Resistance Levels

    Stock charts will help you to identify support and resistance levels for stocks. Support levels are price levels where you can see increased buying as support to stock’s price that will direct it back to the upside. Resistance levels, as the opposite, shows prices at which a stock has presented a trend to fall while trying to move higher, and switched to the downside.

    Recognizing support and resistance levels is extremely important in stock trading. The point is to buy a stock at a support level and sell it at a resistance level. That’s how you can make money. If some stock has clear support and resistance levels, the breakout beyond them is an indicator of future stock price movement.

    For example, you have in front of you the chart and you notice that the stock didn’t succeed to break above, let’s say $100 per share. And suddenly, it makes it. Well, in such a case you have a sign that the stock price will go up. You might see, as an example, that some stock traded in a tight range for a long time but once when it broke the support level, it will continue to fall until a new support level is established.  

    Bottom line

    Knowing how to read stock charts will give you a powerful tool while trading. But you have to know that charts are not perfect tools. Even for the most experienced analysts. If they are, every stock trader and investor would be a billionaire.

    Nevertheless, knowing how to read stock charts will surely help you. That may increase your chances of trading stocks. But you will need a lot of practice. The good news is that everyone who spends time and gives an effort to learn how to read stock charts can become a good chart analyst. Moreover, good enough to enhance the success in stock market trading. 

    Try to learn this. It can be valuable. We’re doing smart trading.

  • 80/20 Investing Rule – Pareto principle

    80/20 Investing Rule – Pareto principle

    80/20 Investing Rule - Pareto principle
    80/20 investing rule or Pareto principle is great for individual investors who don’t like conventional rules. It isn’t difficult but could increase the chances of your profit. 

    Let’s see first what is behind the 80/20 investing rule or Pareto principle. 

    It’s a saying, which claims that 80% of both outcomes or outputs is a consequence of 20% of all inputs for some event. The 80/20 investing rule is frequently used in many fields not in investing only.

    But our subject is investing, where the 80/20 rule means that 20% of the holdings in a portfolio are in control for 80% of the portfolio’s growth. Well, this 20% can be in charge of 80% of the portfolio’s losses. 

    For example, you can build a portfolio of 20% growth stocks and 80% bonds which are less volatile investments. The 80% will provide you a nice and stable return since the bonds are low-risk, while the 20% in stocks that are considered as the higher-risk investment could give greater growth and higher profit.

    Also, you can add to your portfolio 20% stocks in the extended market that cover 80% of the market’s returns. But this can be too risky because the stocks are unpredictable and volatile.

    Okay, you wouldn’t believe that the market rises 80% of the time, right? But it is true. But does the market drop 20% of the time? The best way to check this is to check it by yourselves and you will be surprised as well as we were. Advanced traders and investors use this 80/20 investing rule as a great advantage. 

    How to use the 80/20 investing rule?

    Examine your investment portfolio and think which of your investments result in 80% of the returns. What can you see? The stocks are what generates most of the returns. 

    If it is needed, don’t hesitate to cut off a stock if it looks like it falls into your 80% of your overall investment portfolio in terms of returns. Anyway, we want to give some ideas on how to use the 80/20 investing rule and become a better trader.

    First of all, you have to finish some tasks such as evaluating how strong your earning power is and to know the inventory of your assets in the portfolio. What are your best assets in terms of investing? You must know that your portfolio is your financial house and you have to keep it in order. You can do that only if you measure and estimate from time to time but actually frequently. Be reasonable, not too frequently. You don’t need the stress. All you want is to avoid unnecessary risks. Okay, you did this task and periodically just go over these figures to check if they follow your investment plan. It is vital for investing to check the current and potential earning power from time to time and keep an eye on your outgoings.

    Let’s follow the 80/20 investing rule.

    Investing success depends on a few resolutions. For example, the simplicity of your investment strategy and portfolios.

    The main aim of investing: Never lose money. That is the rule No1. This means never bet on price changes and rising markets. You need to build an investment portfolio able to follow this rule. Well, we have to be honest, there is no trader or investor that came into the safe zone and comfortable position with speculating and risking in the stock market. Too many risks will more likely lead you to large losses, not to the profits.

    Benjamin Graham said:

    “Investment is most intelligent when it is most businesslike.”

    What is the right meaning of this saying? Managing the investments is like you are running your own business, your company. So, you have to respect some principles that could lead you to success.

    The 80/20 investing strategy

    The 80/20 investing strategy is all about increasing the chances of your investment success. Actually, it is all about how to unite your portfolio strength and its resources. But, the 80/20 rule has nothing to do with asset allocation. It is wider than that. The goal is to achieve the highest returns possible.

    80/20 rule investing means intelligent investing.  

    At its essence, the 80/20 rule requires you to recognize the best assets and by using to achieve maximum returns. To do that you don’t need complex math, it’s just a rule.

    When the markets are overvalued, why do you have to buy? The risk of loss exceeds the potential return, right?

    The 80/20 investing strategy will reduce levels of volatility as we described and reduce the drawdowns. Your assets will really “compound” over the long-term. One of the easiest ways to manage this strategy is to use a moving average crossover. The principal is quite simple. Stay in stocks when the S&P 500 index is above the 12-month moving average, and you change to bonds when the S&P 500 falls below the 12-month average.

    Pareto principle

    Let’s say your portfolio has many holdings. But it doesn’t matter how many holdings you have, the 80/20 rule or Pareto Principle applies. To win by using the 80/20 rule, you have to keep in mind a few things.

    Firstly, 80% of your profit depends on 20% of your activities. You can spend a lot of time choosing some great stock, evaluate it, estimate, try to figure out where to set a stop-loss, basically, you have just a few tasks that should be in your focus. Yes, few but they will generate you a profit.

    So what do you have to be considered about? What steps do you have to take? You should know your ideal allocation based on your risk tolerance. Also, you have to rebalance it periodically. Can you see? Just two steps, but important though. With these two simple things, you will have success more often.

    And you will see that 80% of your returns come from 20% of your holdings. How to choose the winners? Well, you know, they are companies built to succeed for a long time.

    Bottom line

    80/20 investing is excellent for individual investors who don’t like to follow conventional rules. It isn’t complicated but could easily increase the odds of your success. Just remember that 80% of your returns arrive from 20% of your holdings. Try to find the winners in your portfolio, play on them and look at how your portfolio will become worth and rise in value. 

    This 80/20 investing rule or Pareto principle is visible in almost all areas of our lives. The 80/20 rule was developed by Vilfredo Pareto in Italy in 1906. He was an economist and he saw that 20% of the pea pods in his garden produced 80% of the peas. After that, he revealed that 20% of citizens in Italy hold 80% of the land. Well, did the 80/20 investing rule grow in Pareto’s garden? According to the legend, yes.

    You can find little scientific analysis that either proves or disproves the 80/20 rule’s validity. But the fact is that many financial advisors and consultants have the 80/20 investing strategy as an offer. Moreover, they have extremely good results.

  • Adjusted Closing Price – Find a Stock Return By Using It

    Adjusted Closing Price – Find a Stock Return By Using It

    A basic mistake is considering the closing prices of stocks for analysis instead of Adjusted closing price. 

    If you’re a beginner in investing, you probably already noticed the expression like “closing price” or “adjusted closing price.” These two phrases refer to different ways of valuing stocks. While with the term “closing price” everything is clear when it comes to the term “adjusted closing price” things are more complex. 

    When we say closing price it refers to the stock price at the close of the trading day. But to understand the adjusted closing price you will need to take the closing price as a starting but you’ll have to take into account some other factors too to determine the value of the stock. Factors like stock split, dividends, stock offerings can change the closing price. So we can say that the adjusted closing price gives us more exact the value of the stock.

    What is Adjusted Closing Price

    Adjusted closing price changes a stock’s closing price to correctly reveal that stock’s value after accounting for every action of some company. So, it is recognized as the accurate price of the stock. It is necessary when you want to examine historical returns.

    Let’s say this way, the closing price is just the amount of cash paid in the last transaction before the closing bell. But the adjusted closing price will take into account anything that might have an influence on the stock price after the closing bell. When we say anything it is literally anything: demand, supply, company’s actions, dividends distribution, stock splits, etc. So, you will need adjustments to unveil the true value of the stock.

    It is particularly helpful when examining historical returns. Let’s do that on an example of dividend adjustment calculation.

    Adjusted Closing PriceThe adjusted closing price for dividends

    When a stock increases in value, the company may reward stockholders with a dividend. It can be in cash or as an added percentage of shares. Whatever, a dividend will decrease the stock’s value since the company will get rid of the part of its value when paying out the dividends. So, the adjusted closing price is important because it shows the stock’s value after dividends are posted.

    Subtract the amount of dividend from the previous day’s price. Divide this result by the same day’s price. Finally, multiply historical prices by this last figure.

    For example, the prior trading day was Tuesday and a stock closing price was $50. The day after, on Wednesday,  it starts trading at a last price minus dividend, for example, trading ex-dividend based on a $4, so the stock will be trading on Wednesday at $46. If we don’t adjust the last price the data, for example, the charts will show a $4 gap.

    What do we have to do?

    We have to calculate the adjustment factor,

    So, by following already described we have to subtract the $4 dividend from the closing stock price on Tuesday (in our case)

    $50 – $4 = $46

    Further, we have to divide 46.00 by 50.00 to determine the dividend adjustment in percentages. 

    46.00 / 50.00 = 0.92

    The result is 0.92.

    Let’s see how to adjust the historical price.

    The next step is to multiply all historical prices preceding the dividend by this factor of 0.80. This will alter the historical prices proportionately and they will stay logically adjusted with current prices.

    After stock splits

    Stocks split occurs when the price of individual shares is too high. So, the company may decide to split stocks into shares. When the company increases the number of shares, the logical consequence is the value of each share will decrease due to the fact that each share factors a smaller percentage.

    In our example, if the company splits each $50 share into two $25 shares, the adjusted closing price from the day prior to the split is $25. The adjustment reveals the stock split, not a 50% decline in the share price.

    New Offerings

    For example, the company decided to offer extra shares to boost capital. This means the company issues new shares of stock in a rights offering. The right offering means that the shareholders have the chance to buy the new shares at lessened prices.

    But what happens when new shares come to the market? The price of the shares, of the same company, that are already on the market will drop. How is that possible? Well, think! The number of shares is increased and each of them now cost less. It’s almost the same with a stock split.

    The adjusted closing price values the new offerings and the devaluation of each individual stock.

    Find a stock return 

    A stock’s adjusted closing price provides you all the info you need to watch closely to your stock. You can use some other methods to calculate returns, but adjusted closing prices will spare you time. As we see in the text above, adjusted closing prices are already adjusted. The dividends are posted, the stock’s splits are done, the rights offerings also. So we can make a more realistic return calculation. The adjusted closing prices can be an excellent tool that can help us improve our strategies. Moreover, we can do that in a short time since the adjusted closing price already took into account almost all factors that directly impact the overall return. For example, just compare the adjusted price for a particular stock over some given period and you will find its return.

    It’s easy to find historical price data, just download it. Further, mark the column of dates and a matching column for adjusted closing prices and set up in descending order. For example, you want to examine a period from March to October. On the top, you should have data for March and below data for April and so. 

    Let’s find the return

    Firstly, compare the closing price in one month to the closing price from the prior month. To unveil the percentage of return you have to divide the chosen month’s price by the previous month’s price. Subtract the number 1 from that result, then this new result you have to multiply by 100 to turn it from decimal to percentage form.
    It should look like this:
    In March stock price was $50, in April it was $55, so the return was 10%

    ((55/50)-1)x100 = 10

    Since you have to do this calculation for each month add the column for return if you are working in a spreadsheet.

    To calculate the average return for the given period, from March to October, just sum each return for all months you observe and divide the result by the number of months.

    Simple as that.

    Bottom line

    The adjusted closing price is a stock’s closing price on any chosen trading day but altered to cover dividends posted and the company’s actions like split shares and the rights offerings that happened at any time former to the next day’s open.

    So, you can see that for serious analysis, the closing price will never reveal the real value of the stock, the stock’s value after considering any company’s actions. So it is always suggested to use the adjusted closing price if you want reliable analysis.

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