Tag: investing

All investing related articles are found here. Educative, informative and written clearly.

Trading After And Before Regular Hours

Traders can trade stocks during weekday mornings and evenings. Trading on weekends is not allowed. But you can benefit from differences in time zones on international exchanges.

By Guy Avtalyon

Trading after and before regular hours is possible. Okay, we all know that the stock market operates through regular trading hours and that is something even new traders know. But what they don’t know is that is possible trading after regular hours, meaning before and after. That is the so-called pre-market and post-market session.

Let’s take the US stock market as an example. The US stock market is open between 9:30 AM and 4 PM from Monday to Friday. Those are regular trading hours. Trading after and before regular hours means you have a chance to trade between 4 PM and 9:30 AM which is called the pre-market session and between 4 PM and 8 PM which is known as post-market session.

Over the regular trading hours, the billions of shares are traded, while trading after and before regular hours involves just a small part of it. So, it is possible to trade both before and after the bell but what result would you have? That’s something we need to discuss.

Let’s make clear what is pre-market and to define what is the post-market session. But there is also something you, as a new trader, has to know.

Stock market hours are not the same all over the world

The markets are not all open at the same time. Here are the hours of the major stock markets around the world.

USA
The NYSE and the NASDAQ are open from 9:30 AM to 4 PM EST (Eastern Standard Time). Both markets are not open when the main federal holidays are.
Canada
The Toronto Stock Exchange is open from 9:30 AM to 4 PM EST also. It isn’t open for 10 holidays per year.
Japan
The Tokyo Stock Exchange is open from 9 AM to 11:30 AM and from 12:30 to 3 PM JST. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is not open for 22 holidays per year.
Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is open from 9:30 AM to 12 PM and from 1 to 4 PM HKT which is UTC+08:00 all year round. It is not open for 15 holidays per year.
China
The Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange are open from 9:30 AM to 11:30 AM and from 1 PM to 3 PM CST ( UTC+08:00). Both are not open for 15 holidays per year.
India
The Bombay Stock Exchange is open from 9:15 AM to 3:30 PM IST (UTC+05:30). It is not open for 15 holidays per year.
United Kingdom
The London Stock Exchange Group is open from 8:15 AM to 4:30 PM GMT. It is not open for 8 holidays per year.
Europe
The SIX Swiss Exchange is open from 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM CET. It is not open for 12 holidays per year.
Euronext, Amsterdam, is open from 9 AM to 5:40 PM CET. It is not open for 6 holidays per year.

Pre-market is…

What is Pre-Market?

Pre-market trading is a trading activity that happens before the regular market session. It usually happens between 8:00 AM and 9:30 AM EST. Traders and investors might gather very important data from the pre-market sessions while waiting for the regular sessions. No matter how volume and liquidity are limited during pre-markets. The bid-ask spread is almost the same. So, they are able to estimate the strength and direction of the market thanks to this data.

You can find a lot of retail brokers that offer pre-market trading but with limited types of orders. On the other hand, only several brokers with direct access will provide the possibility to trade in the pre-market sessions. You have to know you would not find a lot of activity so early in the morning but you can find the quotes for most of the stocks. There are some stocks you can trade in the pre-market. For example, APPLE is getting trades at 4:00 AM EST.

But the stock market is very thin before opening hours so you may not have many beneficial tradings early in the morning. Actually, it is possible to take additional risks.

Since the bid-ask spreads are large some slippage may occur.

So, never place a trade too early. The majority of pre-market traders enter the market at 8 AM EST. It is understandable because that is the time when the volume picks up at once over the board. The most interesting are the stocks. The morning news is already published and prices may indicate gaps based on them. This can be very tricky for the stock traders. Well, pre-market trading is tricky for stock traders in general.

How is that? Stocks can look strong at the pre-market session, but they can reverse direction when the market starts regular working hours. So, if you are not an experienced trader, you should analyze trading in the pre-market first.

Advantages of pre-market trading

You can get an early view of the news reports. But remember, the amount of volume is limited. So, you may have a false understanding of weakness or strength and you may fall when the real volume comes into play. Anyway, if you want to trade at pre-market you can complete your trades with limit orders over electronic networks only. Market makers have to wait for the opening bell to execute orders.

Trading stocks after-hours is…

It happens after the regular stock market hours are over. Why would anyone want to trade in the post-market trading session?

Well, the companies report earnings before the market opens or after the market closes. That’s strategy. The companies rather avoid reporting earnings during the regular market hours because they want to avoid unwilling changes in stock price caused by investors’ and traders’ reactions. For example, some companies announced their quarterly report during the regular hours but the results weren’t as good as expected. What is possible to happen? Well, investors and traders would like to sell that company’s stock and the price could easily and sharp drop making losses.

The truth is that the value of the stock will move no matter if the market is open or not. But, investors are seeking that very moment to access the market – the moment when the price is changing. That’s why the after-hours sessions are important. They are waiting for the companies to announce earnings reports and trade based on fresh news. Traders will not wait for the market opening bell. They will respond to the announcements and make a trade before the opening bell causes a stock fair value. If they don’t do so, they might be too late for profitable and smart trading.

Advantages of after-hours trading

After-hours trading carries a lot of risks but also has possible benefits. Traders can trade based on really fresh news. That means they can act quickly and benefit from attractive prices. Also, it is convenient, also. Some investors don’t like trading at the on-peak time. Trading after-hours grants them this opportunity.
Further, there is a wider bid-ask spread since the smaller number of traders. After-hours sessions are mostly made up of experienced traders. Also, there is higher volatility since the volume is lower. But we know, the higher the risk the greater reward is.
The truth is that after-hours trading allows traders the possibility of great gains.

There is no investing or trading without the risks involved. But if you choose trading after and before regular hours you will be faced with several very important risks.

Firstly, you will not be in a position to see or trade based on quotes. Some companies will allow you to see quotes only from the trading system the company uses for after-hours trading.

Also, there is a lack of liquidity.

Further, less trading activity could cause a wider bid-ask spread. That may cause more difficulty to execute your trade or to get a more favorable price as you could get during regular market hours. The additional risk is price volatility since the stocks have limited trading activity. Also, the stock prices can rise during the trading out of the regular hours but they could drop immediately when the bell opens the market.

Despite all these disadvantages, trading in the pre-market and after-hours trading sessions could be a great place to start. Just keep in mind that there are additional risks.

25th February 2020
What Is Alpha In Investing – How to Beat the Market

Alpha represents a measure of an asset’s return on investment compared to the risk-adjusted expected return.
Beta represents a measure of volatility. Beta measures how an asset moves versus a benchmark.

What is Alpha? Alpha is a measure of the performance of an investment in comparison to a fitting market index, for example, the S&P 500. The base value is zero. And when you see the number one in Alpha that means that the return on the investment outperformed the overall market average by 1%. A negative alpha number shows that the return on the investment is underperforming in comparison to the market average. This measure is applicable over a strictly defined time frame.

What is Alpha more? It is one of the performance ratios that investors use to evaluate both individual stocks and portfolio as a whole. Alpha is shown as a single number, for example, 1, 2, 5 but expressed as a percentage. It shows us how an investment performed related to a benchmark index. For example, a positive alpha of 4 (+4) suggests that the portfolio’s return outperformed the benchmark index’s performance by 4%. But the alpha of negative 4 (-4) means that the portfolio underperformed the index by 4%. When alpha is zero that means that your investment had a return that met the overall market return.

What is Alpha of a portfolio?

It is the excess return the portfolio yields related to the index. When you are investing in some ETF or mutual funds you should look if they have high alpha because you will have better ROI (Return on Investment).

But you cannot use this ratio solely, you have to use it together with a beta. Beta is a measure of investment volatility. The beta will show you how volatile one investment is compared to the volatility of, for example, the S&P 500 index.

These two ratios are used to analyze a portfolio of investments and assess their theoretical performance.

How to calculate?

First, you have to calculate the expected rate of return of your portfolio. But you have to do that based on the risk-free rate of return, market risk premium, and a beta of the portfolio. The final step is to deduct this result from the actual rate of return of your portfolio.

Here is the formula

Expected rate of return = Risk-free rate of return – β x (Market return – Risk-free rate of return)

and

Alpha of the portfolio = Actual rate of return of the portfolio – Expected Rate of Return on Portfolio

The risk-free rate can be discovered from the average annual return of security, over a longer period of time.

You will find the market return by tracking the average annual return of a benchmark index, for example, S&P500. The market risk premium is calculated by deducting the risk-free rate of return from the market return.

Market risk premium = Market return – Risk rate of return

The next step is to find a beta of a portfolio. It is determined by estimating the movement of the portfolio in comparison to the benchmark index.

So, now when we have this result, expected rate of return, we can calculate further. We have to find the actual rate of return. It is calculated based on its current value and the prior value.

And here we are, we have the formula for calculation of alpha of the portfolio. All we have to do is to deduct the expected rate of return of the portfolio from the actual rate of return of the portfolio.

That was a step by step guide for this calculation.

Becoming an Alpha investor

There is a great discussion about should the average investor look for alpha results of a portfolio. But we can hear that investors mention alpha. This is nothing more than the amount by which they have beaten or underperformed the benchmark index. It can be the S&P 500 index if you are investing in the US stock market. In such a case, that would be your benchmark.

For example, if the benchmark index is up 4% over the period, and your portfolio is up 6%, your alpha is +2. But if your portfolio is up 2%, your alpha is -2.

Of course, everyone would like to beat the benchmark index all the time.

What is the Alpha investing strategy?

We know that Alpha is a measure of returns after the risk is estimated. Risk is determined as beta, a measure of how volatile one investment is related to the volatility of the benchmark index.

Alpha strategies cover equity funds with stock selection. Also, hedge fund strategies are a popular addition in alpha portfolios.

Something called “pure alpha” covers hedge funds and risk premia strategies. The point is that by adding an alpha strategy to your overall portfolio you can boost returns of the other investment strategies that are not in correlation.

Alpha is the active return on investment, measures the performance of an investment against a market index. The investment alpha is the excess return of investment relative to the return of an index.

You can generate alpha if you diversify your portfolio in a way to eliminate disorganized risks. By adding and subtracting you are managing the risk and the risk becomes organized not spontaneously. When alpha is zero that means the portfolio is in line with an index. That indicates that you didn’t add or lose any value in your portfolio.

When an investor wants to pick a potential investment, she or he considers beta. But also the fund manager’s capacity to generate alpha. For example, a fund has a beta of 1 which means it is volatile as much as the S&P index. To generate alpha, a fund manager has to generate a return greater than the S&P 500 index.

For example, a fund returns 12% per year. That fund has a beta of 1. If we know that the S&P 500 index returns 10%, it is said the fund manager generated alpha returns.

If we consider the risks, we’ll see the fund and the S&P index have the same risk. So, the fund manager generated better returns, so such managers generated alpha.

Alpha in use

You can use alpha to outperform the market by taking more risks but after the risk is considered. Well, you know that risk and reward are in tight relation. If you take more risks, the potential reward will go up. Hence, limited risks, limited rewards.

For example, hedge funds use the concept of alpha. They use beta too, but we will write later about the beta. The nature of hedge funds is to seek to generate returns despite what the market does. Some hedge funds can be hedged completely by investing 50% in long positions and 50% in short positions. The managers will increase the value of long positions and decrease the value of their short positions to generate positive returns. But such a manager should be a ninja to provide gains not from high risk but from smart investment selection. If you find a manager that can give you at least a 4% annual return without a correlation to the market, you can even borrow the money and invest. But it is so rare.

Alpha Described

What is alpha more? It is often called the Jensen index. It is related to the capital asset pricing model which is used to estimate the required return of an investment. Also, it is used to estimate realized achievement for a diversified portfolio. Alpha serves to discover how much the achieved return of the portfolio differs from the required return.

Alpha will show you how good the performance of your investment is in comparison to return that has to be earned for the risk you took. To put this simply, was your performance adequate to the risk you took to get a return.

A positive alpha means that you performed better than was expected based on the risk. A negative alpha indicates that you performed worse than the required return of the portfolio.

The Jensen index allows comparing your performances as a portfolio manager or relative to the market itself. When using alpha, it’s important to compare funds inside the same asset class. Comparing funds from one asset class, otherwise, it is meaningless. How can you compare frogs and apples?

What is beta?

When stock fluctuates more than the market has a beta greater than 1.0. If stock runs less than the market, the beta is less than 1.0. High-beta stocks are riskier but give higher potential returns. Vice versa, stocks with lower beta carries less risk but yield lower returns.

Beta is usually used as a risk-reward measure. It helps you determine how much risk you are willing to take to reach the return for taking on that risk.

To calculate the beta of security, you have to know the covariance between the return of the security and the return of the market. Also, you will need to know the variance of the market returns. The formula to calculate beta is

Beta = Covariance/Variance

Covariance shows how two stocks move together. If it is positive that means the stocks are moving together in both cases, when their prices go up or down. But if it is negative, that means the stocks move opposite to each other. You would use it to measure the similarity in price moves of two different stocks.

Variance indicates how far a stock moves relative to its average. You would use variance to measure the volatility of stock’s price over time.

The formula for calculating beta is as shown above.

Beta is very useful and simple to describe quantitative measure since it uses regression analysis to gauge the volatility. There are many ways in which beta can be read. For example, the stock has a beta of 1.8 which means that for every 1% correction in the market return there will be a 1.8% shift in return of that stock. But we also can say that this stock is 80% riskier than the market as a whole.

Limitations of Alpha

Alpha has limitations that investors should count when using it. One is related to different types of funds. If you try to use this ratio to analyze portfolios that invest in different asset classes, it can produce incorrect results. The different essence of the various funds will change the results of the measure. Alpha is the most suitable if you use it strictly for stock market investments. Also, you can use it as a fund matching tool or evaluating comparable funds. For example, two large-cap growth funds. You cannot compare a mid-cap value fund with a large-cap growth fund.

The other important point is to choose a benchmark index.

Since the alpha is calculated and compared to a benchmark that is thought suitable for the portfolio, you should choose a proper benchmark. The most used is the S&P 500 stock index. But, you might need some other if you have an investment portfolio of sector funds, for example. if you want to evaluate a portfolio of stocks invested in the tech sector, a more relevant index benchmark would be the Dow technology index. But what if there is no relevant benchmark index? Well, if you are an analyst you have to use algorithms to mimic an index for this purpose.

Limitations of beta

The beta is good only for frequently traded stocks. Beta shows the volatility of an asset compared to the market. But it doesn’t have to be a rule. Some assets can be risky in nature without correlation with market returns. You see, beta can be zero. You should be cautious when using a beta.

Also, beta cannot give you a full view of the company’s risk outlook. For short-term volatility it is helpful but when it comes to estimating long-term volatility it isn’t.

Bottom line

What is alpha? It began with the intro of weighted index funds. Primarily, investors started to demand portfolio managers to produce returns that beat returns by investing in a passive index fund. Alpha is designed as a metric to compare active investments with index investing.

What is the difference between alpha and beta?

You can use both ratios to compare and predict returns. Alpha and beta both use benchmark indexes to compare toward distinct securities or portfolios.

Alpha is risk-adjusted. It is a measure that shows how funds perform compared to the overall market average return. The loss or profit produced relative to the benchmark describes the alpha.

On the other hand, beta measures the relative volatility of assets compared to the average volatility of the entire market. Volatility is an important part of the risk. The baseline figure for beta is 1. A security with a beta of 1 means that it performs almost the same level of volatility as the related index. If the beta is under 1, the stock price is less volatile than the market average. And vice versa, if the beta is over 1, the stock price is more volatile. There is some tricky part with beta value. If it is negative, it doesn’t necessarily mean less volatility.

A negative beta means that the stock tends to move inversely to the direction of the overall market.

24th February 2020
ROI or Return On Investment – The Efficiency Of Investment

ROI is a useful method to compare different investment opportunities, but it has limits

ROI or Return on Investment estimates the gain or loss created on an investment related to the amount of money invested. Investors use ROI to compare the performance of different investments or to compare a company’s profitabilities. In essence, the Return on Investment measures the gain or loss of some investment relative to the capital invested.

The main goal of investing is profit, so it’s essential to seek investments that give the biggest potential return. ROI or Return on investment is the ratio of profitability that measures how big return will be on some investment relative to the costs. Commonly, you can see ROI as a percentage. This measure is very important when you want to evaluate an investment.

Also, ROI is a valuable tool when you want to compare several investment opportunities.

For example, you have some dilemma in which company to invest in because you saw several interesting options. And it seems that all of them are good. What are you going to do? Of course, you are going to estimate the efficiency of each company particularly to reveal which one is able to generate more profits.

How to calculate ROI or Return on Investment?

To calculate ROI just divide the net return on investment by the cost of investment and multiply the result by 100 since ROI is expressed in percentages.

The formula looks like this:

ROI = (Net Return / Cost of Investment) x 100

For example, you invested $10.000 in some stock a year ago. Now you sold it for $15.000. Let’s calculate the return on your investment.

$15.000 – $10.000 = $5.000
Your net return is $5.000. Let’s go further by following the formula.

ROI = ($5.000/$10.000) x 100 = 50%
And you find ROI on your investment is 50%. The calculation is quite simple.
To calculate ROI you can use this formula too:

ROI = ((Final Value of Investment – Initial Value of Investment)/Cost of Investment)) x 100%

Calculate ROI for different investments

The basic ROI formula reveals how much an investment generated overall. But, if you want to compare ROI from several investments, you will need to take into consideration the amount of time needed for some investment do give you return.

For example, let’s say you want to compare the ROI from two separate investments. Let’s do this using our previous example. The capital invested is $10.000. One year later you sold the shares for $15.000 and gained $5.000, so the ROI is 50%.

But two years prior to this purchasing you bought some stake of shares of the other company and you invested, let’s say, the same amount of $10.000. After 3 years of holding it, you sold these shares for $16.000.

Let’s calculate the ROI for this investment.

($6.000 / $10.000) x 100% = 60%

ROI is 60%. Great!

Wait for a moment. It just seems that this second investment yielded a higher ROI. You had to hold this investment 3 years to generate a return of 60%. In other words, time matters.

The first investment generated 50% after one year, the second returned more but after 3 years. It generated 60% which means the annual return of just 20%. When you compare these two investments and their annual yields it’s clear that you made a better investment decision in the first example. To put this simply, even if you have a better overall return on some investment think about the amount of time you needed to reach it. The annual ROI is what will tell you about how good your investment is. Do it for each investment in your portfolio and you’ll figure out the winners.

The other methods to calculate the return

There are more precise methods to calculate return on investment. ROI isn’t the only one and has its limits.

To be honest, calculating ROI is an excellent way to compare investment chances. But one of the limitations of ROI is the lack of risk estimation. ROI formula doesn’t factor it into consideration. The risk estimation is very important particularly when you need to calculate actual returns. ROI is good to show you a potential return on your investment. But will it tell you how much you can lose? Not necessarily.

You must know that higher returns are in tight connection with more risk. The Higher returns, the more risk involved. This is particularly true for stocks. They have higher returns than bonds, for example, but at the same time, they are riskier.

Almost the same is for companies. When the company has a lower credit rating, it will offer a higher interest rate on bonds to balance the investors’ risk.

For example, you purchased the bonds from a company described above. It offered you much higher returns on its bonds and you might think it is a better opportunity than some company with good credit rating. And you made a calculation and saw ROI of, let’s say, 60% after one year. So, let’s see why it wasn’t a smart decision. What will you do if that company fails to pay interest rates? Well, you’ll end up literally without any returns.

Can you see where the point is? ROI is great but it measures only the potential return on investment, not actual. For proper decision, you will need a Real Rate of Return that takes into account inflation, taxes, and other factors. Also, the Net Present Value (NPV) is more suitable for investors like to estimate returns in the far future.

This metric is helpful

As most important, it is a simple metric, and easy to calculate and understand. You cannot misunderstand it. Moreover, it is a general measure of profitability applied everywhere all over the world. When you see that some investment has an ROI of 30% that is the same in the US or Europe or Africa. Thanks to its simplicity ROI is good enough for estimation the efficiency of a single investment or to compare the returns from several different investments.

What is a good ROI?

Investment returns must beat inflation, taxes, and fees because no one would like to hold an average investment. We all need excellent investments. That’s the whole wisdom, to earn a higher rate of return on investments.

A good ROI depends on the investment. The truth is that you have to keep expectations rational. For example, if you are expecting to gain 20% from blue-chips over the next 10 years, we have to say your expectations are pretty much unrealistic. It isn’t going to happen. Whoever promises you that, plays on your inexperience. For instance, the stock market’s average annual return is about 10%, for more aggressive investors it was about 15% per year. And it was almost the same for the last 100 years. Take it or leave it. Whoever promises you a moon is lying or trying to fraud you.

Bottom line

ROI or Return on Investment calculation isn’t an accurate metric but it is a good way to reach the approximate figures. You can always expect some deviation or error in ROI calculation.
ROI is rated as the single most significant measure of the efficiency of an investment. A better ROI means that investment has satisfying results. When you want to compare the ROI of different investments it is important to compare the companies from the same or similar sectors.
This metric is very connected to what happened in the recent past. You have to follow a simple rule of thumb: the lower the recent returns, the higher the future returns. And vice versa.

20th February 2020
How To Read Stock Charts?

Stock charts will provide you the information about the stock’s past trading prices and volumes. This is a remarkable advantage when it comes to technical analysis.

By Guy Avtalyon

How to read stock charts and what they are trying to tell you? How can you use them in making your investment decisions? So let’s see the importance of price action and technical analysis. Because that’s it.

We are 100% sure you’ve already had the opportunity to see the stock charts, for example, Yahoo Finance is one of those places. If you want to get some experience with outlook and parameters, it is the right place. Also, you could see the stock charts when you examine the company’s stock you wanted to buy.

And what can you see?

There are two types of charts: line and candlestick. It looks so simple and a small graph but contains a lot of very important data. For example, you can see the opening and closing price, the lowest and the highest price of the stock, and plenty of other information set in that small image.

What trading charts can tell?

You must know, a chart is a visual illustration of changes in stock price and trading volume. They are not magical or scary. In essence, the charts do one easy job: They want to tell you a story about the stock. Stock charts will give you an objective picture without hypes and rumors. They will neglect even news and tell you the truth and what is really going on with your stock.

For example, when you learn how to read stock charts you’ll be able to notice if institutional investors are heavily selling. That will quickly provide you valuable info on what you have to do. The charts literally tell you that. If you see in the graph the investors are massively buying, what are you going to do? What do the charts want to tell you? They want to tell you: buy too. Or if you see they are selling: sell too. Those investors are heading the exits.

The institutional investors’ buying or selling will shift your stock up or down. And the charts will tell you that on time. So you’ll be ready for action. That is extremely important in the stock markets that are volatile and stock price can change in a second.

How to read stock charts

Reading charts is one of the most important investing skills. Stock charts will tell you if the stock is depreciating or appreciating because they are recording the stock price and volume history. Well, when you grow your skill in chart reading, you’ll be able to find more. You will notice some small, often indirect signs in the stock actions such as whether the particular stock showed some unusual activities.

You choose the type of chart that best suits you, a line chart or a candlestick. But the charts will show you the price of daily changes in its price area.

Let’s breakdown all these bars and lines

You will notice the vertical bars. They record the share price span for the chosen period. The horizontal dash that intersects within the price bar shows the current price. Also, it shows where a stock closed at the end of the day. If the color of the price bar is blue that means the stock closed up but if it is red the stock closed down.

In the volume area, below the horizontal line, you will also see bars but volume bars that represent the number of shares traded in some period, day, week, month, etc. The color of the bars tells us the same as price bars. Also, there you will see the average volume for some stock over the last 50 days.

Charts will tell you all about the average share price over the last 50 days and the last 200 days of trading. But by reading stock charts you will have the info about how the stock price moved compared to the market. It is a so-called relative strength line. When this line is trending up, we can say the particular stock is outperforming the market, the opposite means the stock is lagging the market.

Changing the time period

You can do that and have a look at the daily, weekly, monthly charts.

Daily stock charts will help you to measure the current strength or weakness of a stock. These charts are very useful for identifying the precise buy points and creating a short-term trading strategy.

Weekly stock charts will help you to recognize longer-term trends and patterns in stock prices. The weekly charts use logarithmic price scaling. So, you can easily make comparisons between stocks or the major market indexes.

Indicators in the stock charts

All the charts will come with them. Indicators are tools that provide visual representations of mathematical calculations on price and volume. Well, they will tell you where it is possible for the price to go further. The major types of indicators are a trend, volume, momentum, and volatility. Trend indicators show the direction of the market moving. They are also known as oscillators because they are moving like a wave from low value up to the high and back to low and high again as the market is changing.

Volume indicators will show you how volume is developing over time, how many stocks are being bought and sold over time.

Momentum indicators show strong the trend is. They can also reveal if a reversal will happen. They are useful for picking out price tops and bottoms.

Volatility indicators reveal how much the price is changing in a particular period. So, volatility isn’t a dangerous part of the markets, you have to know that. Without it, traders would never be able to make money! In other words, how is it possible to make a profit if the price never changes? High volatility means the stock price is changing very fast. Low volatility symbolizes small price moves.

Some traders don’t use indicators because they think the indicators can smudge the clear message that the market is telling. Well, that’s obviously an individual approach.

What are Support and Resistance Levels

Stock charts will help you to identify support and resistance levels for stocks. Support levels are price levels where you can see increased buying as support to stock’s price that will direct it back to the upside. Resistance levels, as the opposite, shows prices at which a stock has presented a trend to fall while trying to move higher, and switched to the downside.

Recognizing support and resistance levels is extremely important in stock trading. The point is to buy a stock at a support level and sell it at a resistance level. That’s how you can make money. If some stock has clear support and resistance levels, the breakout beyond them is an indicator of future stock price movement.

For example, you have in front of you the chart and you notice that the stock didn’t succeed to break above, let’s say $100 per share. And suddenly, it makes it. Well, in such a case you have a sign that the stock price will go up. You might see, as an example, that some stock traded in a tight range for a long time but once when it broke the support level, it will continue to fall until a new support level is established.

Bottom line

Knowing how to read stock charts will give you a powerful tool while trading. But you have to know that charts are not perfect tools. Even for the most experienced analysts. If they are, every stock trader and investor would be a billionaire.

Nevertheless, knowing how to read stock charts will surely help you. That may increase your chances of trading stocks. But you will need a lot of practice. The good news is that everyone who spends time and gives an effort to learn how to read stock charts can become a good chart analyst. Moreover, good enough to enhance the success in stock market trading.

Try to learn this. It can be valuable. We’re doing smart trading.

19th February 2020
80/20 Investing Rule – Pareto principle

80/20 investing rule or Pareto principle is great for individual investors who don’t like conventional rules. It isn’t difficult but could increase the chances of your profit.

Let’s see first what is behind the 80/20 investing rule or Pareto principle.

It’s a saying, which claims that 80% of both outcomes or outputs is a consequence of 20% of all inputs for some event. The 80/20 investing rule is frequently used in many fields not in investing only.

But our subject is investing, where the 80/20 rule means that 20% of the holdings in a portfolio are in control for 80% of the portfolio’s growth. Well, this 20% can be in charge of 80% of the portfolio’s losses.

For example, you can build a portfolio of 20% growth stocks and 80% bonds which are less volatile investments. The 80% will provide you a nice and stable return since the bonds are low-risk, while the 20% in stocks that are considered as the higher-risk investment could give greater growth and higher profit.

Also, you can add to your portfolio 20% stocks in the extended market that cover 80% of the market’s returns. But this can be too risky because the stocks are unpredictable and volatile.

Okay, you wouldn’t believe that the market rises 80% of the time, right? But it is true. But does the market drop 20% of the time? The best way to check this is to check it by yourselves and you will be surprised as well as we were. Advanced traders and investors use this 80/20 investing rule as a great advantage.

How to use the 80/20 investing rule?

Examine your investment portfolio and think which of your investments result in 80% of the returns. What can you see? The stocks are what generates most of the returns.

If it is needed, don’t hesitate to cut off a stock if it looks like it falls into your 80% of your overall investment portfolio in terms of returns. Anyway, we want to give some ideas on how to use the 80/20 investing rule and become a better trader.

First of all, you have to finish some tasks such as evaluating how strong your earning power is and to know the inventory of your assets in the portfolio. What are your best assets in terms of investing? You must know that your portfolio is your financial house and you have to keep it in order. You can do that only if you measure and estimate from time to time but actually frequently. Be reasonable, not too frequently. You don’t need the stress. All you want is to avoid unnecessary risks. Okay, you did this task and periodically just go over these figures to check if they follow your investment plan. It is vital for investing to check the current and potential earning power from time to time and keep an eye on your outgoings.

Let’s follow the 80/20 investing rule.

Investing success depends on a few resolutions. For example, the simplicity of your investment strategy and portfolios.

The main aim of investing: Never lose money. That is the rule No1. This means never bet on price changes and rising markets. You need to build an investment portfolio able to follow this rule. Well, we have to be honest, there is no trader or investor that came into the safe zone and comfortable position with speculating and risking in the stock market. Too many risks will more likely lead you to large losses, not to the profits.

Benjamin Graham said:

“Investment is most intelligent when it is most businesslike.”

What is the right meaning of this saying? Managing the investments is like you are running your own business, your company. So, you have to respect some principles that could lead you to success.

The 80/20 investing strategy

The 80/20 investing strategy is all about increasing the chances of your investment success. Actually, it is all about how to unite your portfolio strength and its resources. But, the 80/20 rule has nothing to do with asset allocation. It is wider than that. The goal is to achieve the highest returns possible.

80/20 rule investing means intelligent investing.

At its essence, the 80/20 rule requires you to recognize the best assets and by using to achieve maximum returns. To do that you don’t need complex math, it’s just a rule.

When the markets are overvalued, why do you have to buy? The risk of loss exceeds the potential return, right?

The 80/20 investing strategy will reduce levels of volatility as we described and reduce the drawdowns. Your assets will really “compound” over the long-term. One of the easiest ways to manage this strategy is to use a moving average crossover. The principal is quite simple. Stay in stocks when the S&P 500 index is above the 12-month moving average, and you change to bonds when the S&P 500 falls below the 12-month average.

Pareto principle

Let’s say your portfolio has many holdings. But it doesn’t matter how many holdings you have, the 80/20 rule or Pareto Principle applies. To win by using the 80/20 rule, you have to keep in mind a few things.

Firstly, 80% of your profit depends on 20% of your activities. You can spend a lot of time choosing some great stock, evaluate it, estimate, try to figure out where to set a stop-loss, basically, you have just a few tasks that should be in your focus. Yes, few but they will generate you a profit.

So what do you have to be considered about? What steps do you have to take? You should know your ideal allocation based on your risk tolerance. Also, you have to rebalance it periodically. Can you see? Just two steps, but important though. With these two simple things, you will have success more often.

And you will see that 80% of your returns come from 20% of your holdings. How to choose the winners? Well, you know, they are companies built to succeed for a long time.

Bottom line

80/20 investing is excellent for individual investors who don’t like to follow conventional rules. It isn’t complicated but could easily increase the odds of your success. Just remember that 80% of your returns arrive from 20% of your holdings. Try to find the winners in your portfolio, play on them and look at how your portfolio will become worth and rise in value.

This 80/20 investing rule or Pareto principle is visible in almost all areas of our lives. The 80/20 rule was developed by Vilfredo Pareto in Italy in 1906. He was an economist and he saw that 20% of the pea pods in his garden produced 80% of the peas. After that, he revealed that 20% of citizens in Italy hold 80% of the land. Well, did the 80/20 investing rule grow in Pareto’s garden? According to the legend, yes.

You can find little scientific analysis that either proves or disproves the 80/20 rule’s validity. But the fact is that many financial advisors and consultants have the 80/20 investing strategy as an offer. Moreover, they have extremely good results.

17th February 2020
Adjusted Closing Price – Find a Stock Return By Using It

A basic mistake is considering the closing prices of stocks for analysis instead of Adjusted closing price.

If you’re a beginner in investing, you probably already noticed the expression like “closing price” or “adjusted closing price.” These two phrases refer to different ways of valuing stocks. While with the term “closing price” everything is clear when it comes to the term “adjusted closing price” things are more complex.

When we say closing price it refers to the stock price at the close of the trading day. But to understand the adjusted closing price you will need to take the closing price as a starting but you’ll have to take into account some other factors too to determine the value of the stock. Factors like stock split, dividends, stock offerings can change the closing price. So we can say that the adjusted closing price gives us more exact the value of the stock.

What is Adjusted Closing Price

Adjusted closing price changes a stock’s closing price to correctly reveal that stock’s value after accounting for every action of some company. So, it is recognized as the accurate price of the stock. It is necessary when you want to examine historical returns.

Let’s say this way, the closing price is just the amount of cash paid in the last transaction before the closing bell. But the adjusted closing price will take into account anything that might have an influence on the stock price after the closing bell. When we say anything it is literally anything: demand, supply, company’s actions, dividends distribution, stock splits, etc. So, you will need adjustments to unveil the true value of the stock.

It is particularly helpful when examining historical returns. Let’s do that on an example of dividend adjustment calculation.

The adjusted closing price for dividends

When a stock increases in value, the company may reward stockholders with a dividend. It can be in cash or as an added percentage of shares. Whatever, a dividend will decrease the stock’s value since the company will get rid of the part of its value when paying out the dividends. So, the adjusted closing price is important because it shows the stock’s value after dividends are posted.

Subtract the amount of dividend from the previous day’s price. Divide this result by the same day’s price. Finally, multiply historical prices by this last figure.

For example, the prior trading day was Tuesday and a stock closing price was $50. The day after, on Wednesday, it starts trading at a last price minus dividend, for example, trading ex-dividend based on a $4, so the stock will be trading on Wednesday at $46. If we don’t adjust the last price the data, for example, the charts will show a $4 gap.

What do we have to do?

We have to calculate the adjustment factor,

So, by following already described we have to subtract the $4 dividend from the closing stock price on Tuesday (in our case)

$50 – $4 = $46

Further, we have to divide 46.00 by 50.00 to determine the dividend adjustment in percentages.

46.00 / 50.00 = 0.92

The result is 0.92.

Let’s see how to adjust the historical price.

The next step is to multiply all historical prices preceding the dividend by this factor of 0.80. This will alter the historical prices proportionately and they will stay logically adjusted with current prices.

After stock splits

Stocks split occurs when the price of individual shares is too high. So, the company may decide to split stocks into shares. When the company increases the number of shares, the logical consequence is the value of each share will decrease due to the fact that each share factors a smaller percentage.

In our example, if the company splits each $50 share into two $25 shares, the adjusted closing price from the day prior to the split is $25. The adjustment reveals the stock split, not a 50% decline in the share price.

New Offerings

For example, the company decided to offer extra shares to boost capital. This means the company issues new shares of stock in a rights offering. The right offering means that the shareholders have the chance to buy the new shares at lessened prices.

But what happens when new shares come to the market? The price of the shares, of the same company, that are already on the market will drop. How is that possible? Well, think! The number of shares is increased and each of them now cost less. It’s almost the same with a stock split.

The adjusted closing price values the new offerings and the devaluation of each individual stock.

Find a stock return

A stock’s adjusted closing price provides you all the info you need to watch closely to your stock. You can use some other methods to calculate returns, but adjusted closing prices will spare you time. As we see in the text above, adjusted closing prices are already adjusted. The dividends are posted, the stock’s splits are done, the rights offerings also. So we can make a more realistic return calculation. The adjusted closing prices can be an excellent tool that can help us improve our strategies. Moreover, we can do that in a short time since the adjusted closing price already took into account almost all factors that directly impact the overall return. For example, just compare the adjusted price for a particular stock over some given period and you will find its return.

It’s easy to find historical price data, just download it. Further, mark the column of dates and a matching column for adjusted closing prices and set up in descending order. For example, you want to examine a period from March to October. On the top, you should have data for March and below data for April and so.

Let’s find the return

Firstly, compare the closing price in one month to the closing price from the prior month. To unveil the percentage of return you have to divide the chosen month’s price by the previous month’s price. Subtract the number 1 from that result, then this new result you have to multiply by 100 to turn it from decimal to percentage form.
It should look like this:
In March stock price was $50, in April it was $55, so the return was 10%

((55/50)-1)x100 = 10

Since you have to do this calculation for each month add the column for return if you are working in a spreadsheet.

To calculate the average return for the given period, from March to October, just sum each return for all months you observe and divide the result by the number of months.

Simple as that.

Bottom line

The adjusted closing price is a stock’s closing price on any chosen trading day but altered to cover dividends posted and the company’s actions like split shares and the rights offerings that happened at any time former to the next day’s open.

So, you can see that for serious analysis, the closing price will never reveal the real value of the stock, the stock’s value after considering any company’s actions. So it is always suggested to use the adjusted closing price if you want reliable analysis.

You might also like:

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>>> P/E Ratio An Quick Method to Value a Stock

13th February 2020
Earnings Per Share The Meaning and Formula

EPS is important when investors look at historical or future EPS numbers for the same company. Or when they want to compare EPS for a few companies in the same industry.

Earnings per share actually mean a measure of how much profit a company has made. It is regularly for companies to announce their earnings per share quarterly or yearly. Earnings per share or EPS is a powerful metric in a company’s earnings estimates since it shows how much of a company’s profit is allocated to each share.

EPS helps to determine the value assigned to each outstanding share of a company.

Earnings per share is a very important part when examining a business’s fundamentals. It is a ratio for profitability or the company’s market prospect. It is always better when this ratio is higher. That indicates the company is profitable and able to distribute more profits to shareholders or to reinvest in the business. In both cases, the shareholders will win.

Despite the fact that this measure is important, a lot of investors never pay attention to the EPS. That could be wrong because the higher EPS can increase the stock price. And that is strange because EPS can cause stock prices to grow and investors are profiting. So, we think that paying attention to EPS is important for making investment decisions.

On the other hand, so many things can influence this ratio, so investors do look at it but don’t let it change their decisions radically.

How to calculate EPS

For example, a company has a net income of $40 million. Preferred stockholders are getting, let’s say, $4 million in dividends. Also, we found that the company has 20 million shares outstanding for the first half of the quarter and also, 24 million for the second half. That would mean the company has an average of 22 million shares.

So, let’s start to calculate earnings per share. We have to count the difference between a company’s net income and dividends paid for the preferred stockholders. The next is to divide that number by the average number of shares outstanding. And here it is:

$40 million – $4 million = $36 million

$36 million / 22 million shares = $1,64/share

So we can conclude this company’s earnings is $1.63 per share.

Diluted EPS

You can see that this basic formula only takes a company’s outstanding common shares into account. But the diluted earnings-per-share calculation takes all convertible securities into consideration. A company might have convertible preferred stocks, warrants or stock options that could theoretically become common stock. If this happens, the result would be a reduction in earnings per share. A company’s diluted earnings per share will always be lower than its basic EPS.

Basic EPS uses net income, deducts preferred dividends, and then divides by the average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the chosen period.

Diluted EPS doesn’t apply the number of shares outstanding. Instead, it takes into account the number of possible shares outstanding. We already mentioned that the companies can issue stock options (for employees, for example), convertible preferred shares, etc. As they theoretically can be turned into shares of stocks, diluted EPS shows us how EPS would look if all convertible securities are converted into stock. The logical consequence is that there will be more shares and diluted EPS is lower than the basic EPS.

Math is important

Imagine you are a stockholder and suddenly the number of stocks rises. Prior, let’s say, you were holding 5% (this a great portion, indeed) of the company but with an increasing number of stocks, your holdings will be smaller and your part in the company’s earnings shrinks. It is just like you have to cut one apple (ouch!) into 8 instead of 6 pieces. You will get a smaller piece.
If our company mentioned above decides to issue for example 8 million convertible preferred shares, the EPS will be lower using the formula we have. Let’s do some math:

$36 million / (22 million + 8 million) = $1.20/share

Diluted EPS is just $1.20 per share. Compare this figure of $1.20 with $1,64 per share.

Where is the point?

Investors have to calculate both EPS and diluted EPS if they want to know when a company is issuing a lot of stock options or other convertible securities. That may have a great impact on shares when the options are exercised. The stock price will fall and shares will dilute.

Of course, it isn’t a sign of weakness if the company is using options to hire experienced employees or to overcome current salary problems, for example. By issuing convertible stock options the company will have more money to support its growth.

It is important to know that when we are calculating EPS for some well-established company the difference between EPS and diluted EPS can be very small or there will be no difference. But smaller companies, for example, some green and growing, may issue a lot of stock options to hire educated staff and experts. So, take it into consideration when estimating the company’s value and making a decision to invest or not.

Weaknesses of earnings per share

As always, even EPS has some drawbacks. It is really good when the company increases its earnings, there is no dilemma. It is a sign that the company is financially stable and it is worth investing in. But if you want to know about the company’s financial health, EPS isn’t the right metric.

Knowing basic and diluted EPS isn’t always simple. We pointed just two examples but some factors may make it more complicated.

For example, the company may issue additional stock shares or buy back some of its own shares or all of them. Also, it can increase its EPS by reducing the number of shares outstanding. In this case, the net income will not increase. So, we can say that companies can direct investors to believe that they are in better shape than they are in reality. The other drawback is that EPS never takes into account a company’s outstanding debt. Also, data about earnings per share doesn’t provide you info about the capital needed to produce the earnings. To put it simply, you are estimating two companies with the same earnings per share and the same income. One operates with less money to reach those earnings. The other company uses more capital. What do you think? Which one is worth investing in? One company is managing its resources better, it is obvious. But you cannot see that in their earnings per share. That’s the problem.

Bottom line

EPS data is a measure of a company’s profits over some time. You have to compare that data to the previous period’s data and if you notice a positive development, meaning increasing earnings, it is a good indicator. Contrary, you will need additional information and explanation to decide what to do with that stock.
Well, there is always a measure against third-party expectations and it can be very useful since it is transparent.
EPS is good when a company’s profits outperform similar companies in the same sector. But even when EPS is good investors sell stocks. The sell-off is caused by something called the “whisper number.” That is the investors’ consensus, based on beliefs about a stock’s future performance. Anyway, EPS and diluted EPS are important measures that every investor should know to calculate and pay attention to.

11th February 2020
The 60/40 Portfolio is Dead – How to Replace It

Bonds and stocks have only interacted negatively in the past 20 years. Their average correlation throughout the previous 65 years was positive. When this correlation isn’t negative, the 60/40 portfolio is weak in protecting your investment.

We all had believed, for a long time, that the ideal is a 60/40 portfolio, which consists of 60% in equities and 40% in bonds. That excellent combination provided greater exposure to stock returns. At the same time, this mix gave a good possibility of diversification and lower risk of fixed-income investments.

But the world is turning around and markets are changing too.

Experts recently noticed that this 60/40 portfolio isn’t good enough. Portfolio strategists claim that the role of bonds in our portfolios should be examined. They argue we need to allocate a bigger part toward equities.

Strategists report

Bank of America Securities (a.k.a. Merrill Lynch) published research last year named “The End of 60/40”. The strategists Jared Woodard and Derek Harris wrote:

“The relationship between asset classes has changed so much that many investors now buy equities not for future growth but for current income, and buy bonds to participate in price rallies.”

That note by Merrill Lynch caused great turbulence among investors. The point is that your conventional sense of investing 60% of your portfolio in stocks and 40% in bonds is no longer so smart.
Merrill Lynch strategists explained that there are grounds as to why the 60/40 portfolio will not outperform portfolios with more stocks versus bonds in it. Therefore, investors have to allocate a bigger percentage of equities to their portfolios instead of bonds.
This is the opposite scale compared to what investors used for many years. They were investing in equities for price rallies and buying bonds for current income.

How did the 60/40 portfolio die?

For the last 20 years, the golden rule was a portfolio of 60% stock and a 40% bond. Everything was good with that: investors had the bonds in portfolios, a 60/40 portfolio provided them the upside of equities, their investments were protected from downturns. But they gave evidence to investors as to why this ratio should be changed and why they have to add more equities than bonds.

Here are some. Data is for the markets globally. During the last year, $339 billion were in inflows to bond funds but almost $208 billion were in outflows from equity funds. So, we now have a tricky situation. Bond yields had fallen. The consequence is that we have about 1.100 global stocks that pay dividends higher than the average yield of global government bonds.

The global economy slows

We must have in mind that the global economy lags due to the aging society and there were rallies in bonds almost all over the world. It was like a bubble. Hence, the investors who manage a traditional 60/40 portfolio are in a situation that threatens to hinder returns.

“The challenge for investors today is that both of those benefits from bonds, diversification and risk reduction, seem to be weakening, and this is happening at a time when positioning in many fixed-income sectors is incredibly crowded, making bonds more vulnerable to sharp, sudden selloffs when active managers rebalance,” said strategists from Merrill Lynch.

The 60/40 portfolio canceled

The popular rule of thumb: investment portfolios 60% in stocks and 40% in bonds, is smashed. The finance industry did it. Moreover, financial advisors urging investors to hold riskier options since, as they claimed, bonds no longer offer diversification. Hence, bonds will be more volatile over the long run. Further, the 60/40 portfolio has sense in the market conditions when stocks and bonds are negatively correlated. The stock price falls – bonds returns rise both serving as a great hedge, bonds against falling stock prices, and stocks as a hedge against inflation. According to strategists, no more.

This will completely change the portfolio management.

The benefits from bonds, diversification and risk limitation, seem to be missing. The bonds are more vulnerable to unexpected selloffs. The mentioned rule of thumb was accurate for 20 years but not for the past 65. Also, it is noticed that this period of negative correlation between bonds and stocks is coming to an end.

Also, Morgan Stanley warns that returns on a portfolio with 60% stocks and 40% bonds could drop by half in comparison to the last 20 years. Earlier, the analysts and strategists from Guggenheim Investments, The Leuthold Group, Yale University, also prognosticate distinctly lower returns.

How to replace the 60/40 portfolio?

The 60-40 portfolio is dead and it is a reality.

Be prepared, you have to replace it. Some experts suggest keeping 60% in stocks but to hold a position shorter, as a better approach.

But you have to hedge your portfolio. Experts suggest single-inverse ETFs and options for that purpose.

The others think the best way is to replace the 60/40 portfolio with some hedged equity portfolio. This actually means you should have more than 60% in stocks since the stock market is more liquid in comparison to the bond market. For this to implement, it is necessary to have tools. Also, the knowledge on how to use them. From our point of view, it seems that time to forget the 60/40 portfolio is here. All we have to do is to change the mindset and stop thinking about the mix of stocks and bonds. Instead, it looks like it is time to think about changing the net equity exposure.

Maybe it is the right time to hold more cash, which can be a tactical defense. For example, cash can be a part of your 60% holdings when you are not fully invested in stocks. Or you can hold cash in the percentage that previously was in bonds. Also, you can combine it. You MUST build a hedged portfolio to avoid the 60/40 portfolio hurricane that is likely coming.
For example, build a portfolio of, let’s say 75% stocks and 25% your hedge combination. This range can be tighter also.

Honestly, it is so hard nowadays to fit the excellence of the 60/40 portfolio.

Bottom line

The 60/40 portfolio was really good but it had a wild side too. The stock portion was down over 25 years of its 91-year existence. Over those 25 years, the average loss was above 13%. But there were bonds with a gain of above 5%, which reduced some of the losses. This portfolio was stable and reliable and you could use it for a long-time.

The other problem with the disappearance of the 60/40 portfolio is diversification. Is it dead too?

Peter L. Bernstein said, “Diversification is the only rational deployment of our ignorance.” Investors have to figure out different access if stocks and bonds no longer balance one another. This great portfolio will miss everyone. Maybe, one day, we will meet again. But some conditions have to be fulfilled. The interest rates should be 6% again, the stock market valuations shouldn’t go over 15x the previous 10 years’ worth of average earnings. That is hard to achieve now.
R.I.P. the 60/40 portfolio.

10th February 2020
Expect More Volatility In the Stock Market This Year

This year could be a volatile period for investors given the fact that a global financial crisis could be in the offering in the next several years

Last year showed the best look and we are not here to destroy the joy. Yes, we all can expect more volatility in the stock market this year. But don’t be afraid. The volatility in the stock market can be a stimulus. How is that? If you expect more volatility in the stock market that is the sign you understand the market’s behavior. The volatility of the stock market is normal and part of investing. When the market shows the volatility means the market is operating logically. You are not sure? Let’s say this way. The volatility runs both ways. It gives kicks to the downside and successes to the upside over the short-term periods. When volatility occurs, experts advise it is best to stay calm and let the volatility proceed its way. But you have to prepare your investments for that. Even more, you have to learn how to profit from stock market volatility.

Why do we think we can expect more volatility in the stock market in 2020?

We can’t neglect history, for example.

Look at the S&P 500 over the last 38 years. You can see that the market corrections were so frequent that they became the norm. The average yearly correction is -13,9% over the last 30 years. The historical data shows that there were only a few years when the Index didn’t drop at least -5% for one year. Actually, it happened the Index had a decline of 5% only two times, 1995 and 2017. Last year, it was -7%, it was below average for market volatility.

The second reason to expect more volatility in the stock market this year is that high volatility always comes after low volatility. If you look closer to the S&P 500 Index, you will not see any move more than 1% in any direction during any single trading day since October last year.

Such a low volatility period wasn’t seen in the last 50 years and it marks the constant move higher. All data shows that these long periods of low volatility are followed by periods of high volatility.

The last time we could notice similar before January 2018 and October 2014, both were followed by sharp corrections.

How to prepare investment for stock market volatility?

When the stock market starts falling, we are all faced with bad news on a daily basis. We may feel anxiety, uncertainty, fears. The downside is that it triggers drastic decisions. Even the most experienced investors may panic. Is panic a strategy? Not at all. You must stay calm when expecting more volatility in the stock market. There are some techniques and strategies to use when volatility appears.

It’s absolutely true that short-term losses can cause anxiety. But the worst decision is to let emotions drive you, it may cost you a lot of your money. So, stay invested, don’t pay attention to daily impacts, stay focused on your long-term goals. Yes, it can be difficult but you may have more choices with that.

The short-term volatility fluctuations can be hard to look at, but it’s essential for long-term investors to continue. Even if you want to pull out of the stock market and think it is the best choice, just think, what if you miss out on a market rebound? Such a great opportunity! The gains while you are on the sideline.

The historical data for the S&P 500 Index shows positive total returns for 24 out of the last 30 years.

How to survive market volatility

Advanced investors know that the best way to survive volatility is to stay with a long-term plan and a well-diversified portfolio. Yet, it is easier to say than to do, we know that. But can you find a better way? Diversification is the essence of investing. Hence, when the markets shift, you might have to rebalance your portfolio. So, market volatility could be a great time to mix your assets. Just don’t be lazy. It is your money in the play. Of course, you have to know your risk tolerance.

Day traders can profit from the stock market volatility

The coming back of volatility is bad news for some, but day traders can profit from market volatility. If you are one of them or want to try your hand just start small, big games are not suitable for volatile conditions. Day traders should limit the size of trade to limit the size of losses. To be honest, if you want to learn how to be a good player in this game, you have to experience the pain. What we want to say is, you have to lose some money to be able to be happy when you make a great gain. Don’t you agree?

Further, never place too many trades per day. You have to think about each trade separately. Too many trades mean the bigger potential for losses and more headaches with empty accounts. Trade only a few stocks per day. This doesn’t mean you are without confidence. Contrary, this means you are a reasonable trader. Modesty isn’t IN today, but with this approach, you may have constant profit for a longer time. Just stick to your strategy and always plan your exits. Moreover, now you have this app to check them even before you open the position.

You know very well the trading is risky, especially if you trade for a living. That’s why you have to develop a strategy, with the possibility to test it now and follow it.

What long-term investors have to do while the market is volatile

A normal reaction to market volatility is to reduce any exposure to stocks. Will it make any sense? Long term investors must stay calm when stock market volatility comes. Don’t make radical changes to the portfolio. It can be harmful to your wealth. Meaning, don’t invest more in stocks because the exposure to more stocks could be risky for your investments as a whole.

You have worked hard to build your portfolio. Just stick with your plan and stay calm. Market volatility is usually a temporary event. Don’t panic.

Bottom line

Expect more volatility in the stock market this year but, to repeat, volatility is completely natural and expected. The S&P 500 could experience a correction this year in the –10% to –15% range. That is the average correction. Stay focusing on economic indicators and be patient if you are a long-term investor. If you are a day trader just trade a few stocks daily. Until the volatility goes. Eventually, it will, sooner or later.

9th February 2020
Stock Market Bubble How to Recognize It

What is a stock market bubble? How a stock market bubble is created? What is the definition?

We are talking about a stock market bubble when the prices of stocks rise fast and a lot over the short period and suddenly start to drop also quickly. Usually, they are falling below the fair value.

A stock market bubble influences the market as a whole or a particular sector. A bubble happens when investors overvalue stocks. Investors can overestimate the value of the companies or trade without reasonable estimation of the value.

How does this thing work?

Let’s say investors are massively buying some particular stock. They become overly eager to buy. How does that affect the stock price? The stock price is going up. The traders notice the growing potential and believe that the stock price will rise more and they are also buying that stock with an aim to sell it at a higher price.

This trading cycle has nothing with the usual criteria related to trade. When this cycle lasts long enough it can extremely overvalue the stock or some other asset, generating a stock market bubble that will burst.

Because a stock market bubble is a cycle defined as speedy increase, followed by a decrease.

We would like to explain this in more detail. When more and more traders enter the market, believing that they also can profit and perhaps go on the double, but we have a limited supply of some stock, it isn’t unlimited. So, on one side we have an enormous number of traders willing to buy a stock, and on the other side is a limited number of particular stock they are interested in. The consequence is that the stock price will rocket. That sky-high price isn’t supported by the underlying value of the company or stock.

Finally, some traders realize that the growing trend is unsustainable and start selling off. Other investors start to follow that and catch on and start draining their stocks, in hopes to recover their investments. And here we come to the main point.

The declining market isn’t investors’ darling. The stock prices are dropping, traders who enter the market too late have losses, the stock market bubble bursts or in a better scenario, deflates.

Actually, we can easily say that behind the stock market bubbles lies a sort of herd mentality. Everyone wants a piece of high returns, it’s logical, right? Well, it continues with a downward run.

What causes it?

When eager investors are pushing the value of the stock, much over its proper value, we can say that we have a bubble. For example, the stock proper value is, let’s say $50 but investors boost it at $150. You can be sure the price will go back to its proper value, soon and extremely fast. The bubble will pop.

A good example is the dot-com bubble of 1999/2000. The markets were cut from reality. Investors accumulated dot-com stocks so wildly. How was it possible when they knew that a lot of these companies were worthless? They didn’t care.

That pushed the NASDAQ to over 5.000 points in a short period. That was the bubble and everything got apart very fast and painful.

One of the most famous market bubbles took place in the Netherlands (former Holland) during the early 1600s. It is the Dutch tulip bulb market bubble or ‘tulipmania’.

What happened?

The speculators pushed the value of tulip bulbs sky-high. The rarest tulip bulbs were worth six times more than the average yearly salary. Today, tulipmania is in use as a synonym for the traps due to extreme greed.

That can happen when someone follows some investor and notices how good it is and suddenly that one decides to do the same. But such copycats are not single individuals in the stock market. There are millions doing exactly the same thing. In a short time, everyone is plunging the money and the market reacts respectively by inflating prices. And eventually, the bubble will burst.

A stock market bubble as positive and negative feedback loops

Whatever has begun to shift stock prices up to become self-sustaining is a positive feedback loop. For example, investors hunting higher growth. When prices increase, investors are selling stocks. The others are buying them to profit on the growth. Someone will ask what is wrong with that. Well, new purchasings are driving the prices up higher and more investors are seeking those profits. The cycle is starting. And it is good but only when this positive feedback loop, as economists call this, comes as a reflection of reality. But when the feedback loop is based on fake data or questionable ideas it can be very dangerous. A great example is the Stock Market Crash of 1929. That was a time of blooming speculators in the markets. Speculators are trading stocks with borrowed money. The loan is paid from profit. When speculators have good trades they can make a fortune. In a different scenario, when they try to limit losses on debt, they can lose the shirt.

The stock prices will go down, the other investors will quickly sell with the same hopes to mitigate losses. The prices will go down further and create a “negative feedback loop” and poor market conditions will bloom. This is exactly what happens when the stock market bubble bursts. The stock prices are going down further as investors try to sell their stocks to cut losses.

Bottom line

As you can see, a stock market bubble happens when investors are buying stocks neglecting the value of the underlying asset. It is caused by a kind of optimism, almost irrationally, despite the rule of thumb: avoid impulsive trading.

The crucial nature of a stock market bubble is that trading can go in a direction that is not in your favor. Optimism can fade. Investors seeking higher profits easily can see their own disaster when the growth starts to slip. Why should they stay in positions any longer? They will not, of course. It is opposite, the selling off will start and the stock market bubble bursts. And it can do it for random reasons. Be careful, you can recognize a stock market bubble when everything is done. Only rare investors are able to anticipate it is coming. Well, that’s why they are successful and rich.

7th February 2020